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CUPS - Manuel de l'utilisateur
CUPS - Manuel de l'utilisateur
CUPS-SUM-1.1.14
Easy Software Products
Copyright 1997-2003, All Rights Reserved
Préface
1 - Aperçu du système d'impression
2 - Utilisation du système d'impression
3 - Options standards d'imrimante
4 - Sauvegarder les options et valeurs
implicites des réglages d'imprimante
A - Licence d'utilisation du logiciel (NdT : en
anglais)
Ce manuel de l'utilisateur décrit comment utiliser le logiciel CUPS
TM ("Common Unix Printing SystemTM") Version 1.1.14.
Note du traducteur :
Amies lectrices, amis lecteurs, j'ai fait le choix de ne pas
traduire l'expression anglaise "default" par la version
française habituellent utilisée "par défaut" que l'on doit,
entre autres, à la documentation d'un célèbre système d'exploitation
"ouvert à tous vents".
En effet, l'expression "par défaut" est normalement utilisée en
mathématiques (arrondi "par défaut" ou "par excès", personnellement je
cherche encore mon "imprimante par excès" !) mais elle est abusivement
employée en informatique pour signifier "donnée/comportement qui
s'applique si l'on n'en précise pas explicitement la
valeur/nature/teneur".
Or la langue française possède justement un mot pout exprimer ce
concept : "implicite" (Larousse 1998 : "Qui est contenu dans une
proposition sans être exprimé en termes précis formels; qui est la
conséquence nécessaire."). Dans la mesure du possible, j'utiliserai cet
adjectif sauf dans les cas où son emploi n'est pas suffisamment
explicite (sic !). Je lui préfèrerai alors l'expression "... de
base ..." ou l'adjectif "standard".
Ce choix est totalement personnel et le fait que j'ai fait l'effort
(non négligeable) de traduire ces lignes pour vos yeux délicats suffit
à le justifier! Si, par malheur, ma prose vous est insupportable, je ne
vous empêche aucunement de vous reporter à la version originale où vous
retrouverez "default" entouré de tout le reste... en anglais, bien sûr.
Enfin, si vous avez une meilleure traduction, je suis preneur !
Malgré les très nombreuses relectures et corrections, certaines
fautes de frappe, d'orthographe ou de grammaire ont pu échapper à ma
vigilance (ou à celles de mes relecteurs/correcteurs). Merci de me les
signaler afin de contribuer à l'amélioration constante de la qualité du
présent manuel.
Bonne lecture !
CUPS fournit une couche d'impression portable pour les systèmes
d'exploitation de type UNIX®. Il a été développé par
Easy Software Products pour promouvoir une solution d'impression
standard pour tous les vendeurs et utilisateurs d'UNIX. CUPS fournit
des interfaces en ligne de commande de type System V et Berkeley.
CUPS utilise le protocol IPP (Internet Printing Protocol) comme base
de l'administration des travaux et files d'impression. Les protocoles
LPD ("Line Printer Daemon"), SMB ("Server Message Block"), et AppSocket
(JetDirect) sont également pris en charge avec des fontionnalités
réduites. CUPS ajoute l'exploration réseau des imprimantes ("network
printer browsing") et des options d'impression basées sur PPD
("PostScript Printer Definition") pour prendre en charge l'impression
"dans le monde réel" sous UNIX.
CUPS inclut également une version adaptée de GNU/Ghostscript
(actuellement basée sur la version 5.50) et un module de rendu (RIP -
Raster Image Processor) pour fichier image qui sont utilisés pour
prendre en charge les imprimantes non-PostScript. Des pilotes d'exemple
(incluant ces filtres) pour imprimantes HP et EPSON sont également
inclus.
Le présent manuel de l'utilisateur s'articule autour sections
suivantes:
Diverses conventions de polices de caractères et de syntaxe sont
utilisées dans ce guide. Des exemples et leur signification sont donnés
ci-dessous:
| Exemple | | Description |
|---|
| |
lpstat
lpstat(1) | | Les noms des commandes;
La première référence faite à une commande ou une fonction dans un
chapitre est suivie par un numéro de section de page de manuel. |
| |
/var
/usr/share/cups/data/testprint.ps | |
Noms de fichiers et de répertoires. |
| |
| Request ID is Printer-123 |
| Affichage écran. |
| |
| lp -d imprimante nom_fichier ENTREE
| | Frappe littérale de l'utilisateur; les touches
spéciales telles que ENTREE sont représentées en lettres
capitales. |
| |
| 12.3 | | Les nombres dans le texte
sont écrits avec un point symbolisant le séparateur décimal. |
Les abréviations suivantes sont utilisées au cours de ce manuel:
- ko
- Kilo-octets, ou 1024 octets
- Mo
- Méga-octets, ou 1048576 octets
- Go
- Giga-octets, ou 1073741824 octets
- CUPS - Manuel de l'administrateur
- Un guide d'administration du logiciel CUPS.
- CUPS - Manuel du programmeur (NdT : en anglais)
- Un guide du programmeur pour créer des programmes qui s'interfacent
avec et/ou étendent le logiciels CUPS.
Ce chapitre fournit un aperçu du fonctionnement de CUPS.
Depuis des années le problème d'impression a empoisonné le
monde UNIX. Contrairement à Microsoft® Windows® ou Mac OS, UNIX n'a pas
d'interface standard ou de système en place pour prendre en charge les
imprimantes. Parmi les solutions actuellement disponibles, les systèmes
Berkeley et System V sont prédominants.
Ces systèmes d'impressions prennent en charge les imprimantes de
type matriciel texte ou les imprimantes PostScript (texte et
graphique), et avec quelques ajustements il peuvent prendre en charge
un grand nombre d'imprimantes et de formats de fichiers. Cependant,
puisque chaque version de système d'exploitation UNIX utilise un
système d'impression différent de celui de son voisin, il est
extrêmement difficile de développer des pilotes d'imprimantes pour une
vaste gamme d'imprimantes et de systèmes d'exploitation. Ceci, combiné
au faible nombre de clients pour chaque variante d'UNIX, a poussé les
fabricants d'imprimantes à abandonner la prise en charge globale de
tous les UNIX.
CUPS est conçu pour éliminer le problème d'impression. Un
système d'impression commun peut être utilisé par toutes les variantes
d'UNIX pour prendre en charge les capacités d'impression dont les
utilisateurs ont besoin. Les fabricants d'imprimantes peuvent utiliser
l'interface modulaire des filtres pour développer un unique pilote qui
prend en charge une large gamme de formats de fichiers et ce, sans
presque aucun effort. Etant donné que CUPS fournit une interface
compatible avec les commandes Berkeley et System V, les utilisateurs
(et les applications) peuvent tirer bénéfice de cette nouvelle
technologie sans avoir à faire de changements.
CUPS est basé sur un standard émergeant d'Internet appelé IPP
(Internet Printing Protocol). IPP a été adopté par des douzaines de
fabricants d'imprimantes et de serveurs d'impression et est pris en
charge par Microsoft Windows 2000.
IPP définit un protocole standard pour imprimer ainsi qu'administrer
les travaux d'impression et les options des imprimantes telles que la
taille du support d'impression, la résolution, etc. Comme tout
protocole de la pile TCP/IP, IPP peut être utilisé localement ou à
travers Internet pour atteindre des imprimantes éloignées de centaines
ou de milliers de kilomètres. Contrairement à d'autres protocoles de la
pile TCP/IP, IPP prend en charge le contrôle d'accès,
l'authentification et l'encryptage, ce qui fait de lui une solution
d'impression bien plus efficace et sécurisée que ses ancêtres.
IPP est une surcouche ajoutée au-dessus du protocole HTTP (HyperText
Transport Protocol) qui est à la base des serveurs "web" sur
l'Internet. Ceci permet aux utilisateurs de lire la documentation,
vérifier les informations sur l'état des imprimantes ou du serveur,
administrer les imprimantes, les classes d'imprimantes et les travaux
d'impression en utilisant leur navigateur "web".
CUPS fournit un système d'impression complet basé sur IPP/1.1
prenant en charge l'authentification "Basic", "Digest" et par
certificats locaux ainsi qu'un contrôle d'accès basé sur l'utilisateur,
le domaine ou l'adresse IP. L'encryptage TLS sera disponible dans une
future version de CUPS.
Tout fichier ou groupe de fichiers soumis à l'impression est appelé
un travail d'impression. Les travaux d'impression sont
identifiés par un nombre unique en commençant à 1 et sont affectés à
une destination particulière, généralement une imprimante. Les travaux
d'impression peuvent également inclure des options associées telles que
la taille du support d'impression, le nombre de copies et la priorité
dans la file d'impression.
CUPS prend en charge des collections d'imprimantes connues sous le
nom de classes. Les travaux d'impression transmis à une classe
d'imprimantes sont envoyés à la première imprimante disponible dans la
classe.
Les filtres permettent à un utilisateur ou une application d'imprimer
de nombreux types de documents sans effort supplémentaire. Les travaux
d'impressions envoyés au serveur CUPS sont filtrés avant d'être envoyés
à l'imprimante. Certains filtres convertissent les fichiers de travaux
d'impression dans différents formats que l'imprimante peut comprendre.
D'autres ne font que des sélections de page et des tris.
CUPS fournit des filtres pour imprimer de nombreux types de fichiers
image, des fichier HP-GL/2, fichiers PDF et texte. CUPS fournit
également des filtres PostScript et RIP (Raster Image Processor) qui
convertissent les fichiers PostScript ou image en format "bitmap" qui
peut être envoyé à une imprimante de type "matriciel" (NdT : il s'agit
ici, des imprimantes dont l'impression est générée au moyen d'une
grille de points comme l'étaient les vénérables imprimantes à aiguilles
de notre enfance, mais pas seulement elles puisque les imprimantes à
jet d'encre actuelles sont également de type matriciel... par
opposition aux imprimantes laser dont la méthode de génération
d'impression est différente.)
Les programmes d'arrière-plan effectuent le travail le plus important
: ils envoient les données d'impression à l'imprimante.
CUPS fournit des programmes d'arrière-plan pour imprimer via des
ports de type parallèle, série, USB et à travers un réseau au moyen des
protocoles IPP, JetDirect (AppSocket) et LPD (Line Printer Daemon). Des
programmes d'arrière-plan additionnels sont disponibles sous forme de
paquetage de service réseau comme le programme d'arrière_plan SMB
inclus dans le célèbre logiciel SAMBA.
Les programmes d'arrière-plan sont également utilisés pour déterminer
les périphériques disponibles. Au démarrage, chaque programme
d'arrière-plan est interrogé afin de déterminer la liste des
périphériques qu'il prend en charge, ainsi que toute information
disponible. Cela permet au programme d'arrière-plan de gestion du port
parallère d'indiquer à CUPS qu'une imprimante EPSON Stylus Color 600
est branchée sur le port parallèle 1, par exemple.
Les pilotes d'imprimantes de CUPS consistent en un ou plusieurs
filtres spécifiques à une imprimante. CUPS inclut des pilotes
d'imprimantes d'exemple pour les imprimantes Deskjet et LaserJet
Hewlett-Packard et les imprimantes EPSON jet d'encre couleur Stylus
Color, Stylus Photo et les modèles 9 et 24 aiguilles matricielles. Bien
que ces pilotes ne produisent pas des impressions de qualité optimale
pour les différents modèles d'imprimantes, ils fournissent une
impression de base et démontrent comment vous pouvez écrire vos propres
pilotes d'imprimantes et les incorporer dans CUPS.
Les imprimantes et classes d'imprimantes sur le système local sont
automatiquement partagées avec les autres systèmes sur le réseau. Cela
vous permet de configurer un système hôte pour tous les autres. Les
utilisateurs pourront sélectionner une imprimante locale par son nom ou
une imprimante à distance en utilisant la syntaxe
"nom_imprimante@serveur".
CUPS fournit également des classes d'imprimantes implicites
(NdT : le terme "implicite" est ici la traduction litérale du même mot
anglais "implicit" et non celle de l'expression "default". cf. ma
remarque dans la préface du présent manuel. De toute façon, CUPS ne
prévoit pas de "default class" c'est-à-dire de "classe de base", donc
aucune ambiguïté possible ici.), qui sont des collections d'imprimantes
ou de classes d'imprimantes qui portent le même nom. Cela vous permet
de configurer de multiples serveurs pointant vers la même imprimante
réseau physique, par exemple, de sorte que vous ne dépendez pas d'un
seul serveur pour pouvoir imprimer. Etant donné que cette méthode vous
permet de travailler avec des classes d'imprimantes, vous pouvez
configurer de multiples serveurs et imprimantes sans jamais vous
soucier d'un simple point en panne tant que tous les autres serveurs ne
tombent pas en panne en même temps.
Ce chapitre expose comment soumettre, lister et annuler les travaux
d'impression sur différentes imprimantes.
CUPS fournit les deux commandes d'impression System V (lp(1)
) et Berkeley ( lpr(1)). Tapez la commande suivante pour
imprimer un fichier sur l'imprimante implicite du système:
lp nom_fichier ENTREE
ou:
lpr nom_fichier ENTREE
CUPS sait directement interpréter différents types de fichier, y
compris les fichiers PostScript et image. Cela vous permet d'imprimer
depuis vos applications ou depuis la ligne de commande, selon votre
préférence!
Beaucoup de systèmes disposeront de plusieurs imprimantes à offrir à
l'utilisateur. Ces imprimantes peuvent être reliées au système local
par un port parallèle, série ou USB, ou accessibles à travers le
réseau.
Utilisez la commande lpstat(1) pour voir une liste des
imprimantes disponibles:
lpstat -p -d ENTREE
L'option -p indique que vous voulez voir la liste des
imprimantes et l'option -d provoque l'affichage de
l'imprimante ou classe d'imprimantes standard (implicite) du système.
Utilisez l'option -d avec la comamnde lp
pour imprimer vers une imprimante spécifique:
lp -d imprimante nom_fichier ENTREE
ou l'option -P avec la commande lpr:
lpr -P imprimante nom_fichier ENTREE
Pour de nombreux types de fichiers, les options d'imprimante
implicites devraient satisfaire vos besoins. Cependant, il peut arriver
que vous ayez besoin de changer les options pour un fichier spécifique
que vous imprimez.
Les commandes lp et lpr vous permettent de
passer des options d'imprimante en utilisant l'option -o:
lp -o landscape -o scaling=75 -o media=A4 nom_fichier.jpg
lpr -o landscape -o scaling=75 -o media=A4 nom_fichier.jpg
Les options d'imprimante disponibles varient en fonction de
l'imprimante. Les options standards sont décrites dans le
Chapitre 3, "Options standards d'imprimante".
Les deux commandes lp et lpr possèdent des
options pour l'impression de plus d'une copie d'un fichier:
lp -n nombre_copies nom_fichier ENTREE
lpr -#nombre_copies nom_fichier ENTREE
Les copies ne sont généralement pas assemblées. Utilisez
l'option -o Collate=True pour obtenir des copies
assemblées:
lp -n nombre_copies -o Collate=True nom_fichier ENTREE
lpr -#nombre_copies -o Collate=True nom_fichier ENTREE
La commande lpstat peut être utilisée pour vérifier les
travaux que vous avez soumis à l'impression:
lpstat ENTREE
Printer-1 johndoe 4427776
Printer-2 johndoe 15786
Printer-3 johndoe 372842
Les travaux sont listés dans l'ordre dans lequel ils seront imprimés.
Utilisez l'option -p pour voir les travaux actifs sur
l'imprimante:
lpstat -p ENTREE
printer DeskJet now printing DeskJet-1.
Utilisez les options -o et -p ensemble pout
voir les à la fois les travaux et les imprimantes:
lpstat -o -p ENTREE
Printer-1 johndoe 4427776
Printer-2 johndoe 15786
Printer-3 johndoe 372842
printer DeskJet now printing DeskJet-1.
CUPS utilise le protocole IPP (Internet Printing Protocol), mais
c'est également un serveur "web" complètement fonctionnel. Pour
utiliser votre navigateur "web" pour surveiller les imprimantes sur
votre système, ouvrez l'adresse:
http://localhost:631
A partir de là, vous pouvez voir l'état des classes, travaux, et
imprimantes par un simple clic de bouton!
Les commandes cancel(1) et lprm(1)
suppriment un travail d'impression:
cancel numéro_travail ENTREE
lprm numéro_travail ENTREE
Le numéro_travail est le nombre qui vous est fourni par
les commandes lp ou lpstat.
Ce chapitre décrit les options standards d'imprimante qui sont
disponibles lors de l'impression au moyen des commandes lp
et lpr.
Les options suivantes s'appliquent lors de l'impression de tous les
types de fichiers.
L'option -o landscape tournera la sortie imprimée de 90°
pour imprimer en mode paysage:
lp -o landscape nom_fichier ENTREE
lpr -o landscape nom_fichier ENTREE
L'option -o media=xyz définit la taille, le type et la
source du support d'impression:
lp -o media=Letter nom_fichier ENTREE
lp -o media=Letter,MultiPurpose nom_fichier ENTREE
lpr -o media=Letter,Transparency nom_fichier ENTREE
lpr -o media=Letter,MultiPurpose,Transparency nom_fichier ENTREE
Les tailles, types et sources de support d'impression disponibles
dépendent de l'imprimante mais la plupart des matériels prennent en
charge les options suivantes (les plus courantes):
Letter - US Letter (8.5x11 pouces, ou 216x279mm)Legal - US Legal (8.5x14 pouces, ou 216x356mm)A4 - ISO A4 (8.27x11.69 pouces, ou 210x297mm)COM10 - US #10 Enveloppe (9.5x4.125 pouces, ou
241x105mm)DL - ISO DL Enveloppe (8.66x4.33 pouces, ou 220x110mm)Transparency - Type de support transparent ou source de
support transparentUpper - Bac d'alimentation supérieurLower - Bac d'alimentation inférieurMultiPurpose - Bac papier multi-usageLargeCapacity - Bac d'alimentation de grande capacité
Les options réellement prises en charge sont définies dans le fichier
PPD de l'imprimante au moyen des options PageSize,
InputSlot, et MediaType.
Les options -o sides=two-sided-short-edge et -o
sides=two-sided-long-edge activeront l'impression recto/verso si
l'imprimante la prend en charge. L'option -o
sides=two-sided-short-edge convient pour les pages orientées en
paysage, tandis que l'option -o sides=two-sided-long-edge
convient pour celles orientées en portrait:
lp -o sides=two-sided-short-edge nom_fichier ENTREE
lp -o sides=two-sided-long-edge nom_fichier ENTREE
lpr -o sides=two-sided-long-edge nom_fichier ENTREE
La valeur implicite est d'imprimer en mode simple face
("single-sided"):
lp -o sides=one-sided nom_fichier ENTREE
lpr -o sides=one-sided nom_fichier ENTREE
Les options suivantes s'appliquent à l'impression de tous les types
de fichiers.
L'option -o jobsheets=start,end définit les pages de
garde pour un travail d'impression:
lp -o job-sheets=none nom_fichier ENTREE
lp -o job-sheets=standard nom_fichier ENTREE
lpr -o job-sheets=classified,classified nom_fichier ENTREE
Si seulement un fichier de page de garde est indiqué il sera imprimé
avant le travail d'impression. Si un second fichier de page de garde
est indiqué, il sera imprimé après le travail d'impression..
Les pages de garde disponibles dépendent de la configuration du
système local; CUPS inclut les fichiers de pages de garde suivants:
none - Ne pas produire de page de garde.classified - Une page de garde avec une inscription
"classified" en haut et en bas de page.confidential - Une page de garde avec une inscription
"confidential" en haut et en bas de page.secret - Une page de garde avec une inscription
"secret" en haut et en bas de page.standard - Une page de garde sans inscription en haut
et en bas de page.topsecret - Une page de garde avec une inscription
"top-secret" en haut et en bas de page.unclassified - Une page de garde avec une inscription
"unclassified" en haut et en bas de page.
Les options suivantes s'appliquent à l'impression de tous les types
de fichiers.
L'option -o page-ranges=pages sélectionne une série de
pages à imprimer:
lp -o page-ranges=1 nom_fichier ENTREE
lp -o page-ranges=1-4 nom_fichier ENTREE
lp -o page-ranges=1-4,7,9-12 nom_fichier ENTREE
lpr -o page-ranges=1-4,7,9-12 nom_fichier ENTREE
Comme indiqué ci-dessus, la valeur pages peut être une
page unique, un intervalle de numéros de pages ou une collections de
numéros de pages et d'intervalles séparés par des virgules. Les pages
seront imprimées dans l'ordre croissant de leurs numéros, sans tenir
compte de l'ordre dans lequel les valeurs ont été tapées dans l'option
page-ranges.
Le comportement implicite est d'imprimer toutes les pages.
Utilisez l'option -o page-set=set pour sélectionner les
pages paires ou impaires:
lp -o page-set=odd nom_fichier ENTREE
lp -o page-set=even nom_fichier ENTREE
lpr -o page-set=even nom_fichier ENTREE
Le comportement implicite est d'imprimer toutes les pages.
L'option -o number-up=value sélectionne l'impression de
plusieurs pages par face du support. Cela permet d'imprimer 1, 2 ou 4
pages du document d'origine sur une seule page physique en sortie:
lp -o number-up=1 nom_fichier ENTREE
lp -o number-up=2 nom_fichier ENTREE
lp -o number-up=4 nom_fichier ENTREE
lpr -o number-up=4 nom_fichier ENTREE
La valeur implicite est 1.
Vous pouvez contrôler la luminosité globale de la sortie imprimée en
utilisant l'option -o brightness=percent:
lp -o brightness=120 nom_fichier ENTREE
lpr -o brightness=120 nom_fichier ENTREE
Les valeurs supérieures à 100 éclaircissent l'impression, tandis que
les valeurs inférieures à 100 l'assombrissent.
Vous pouvez contrôler la correction gamma goblale de la sortie
imprimée en utilsiant l'option -o gamma=value:
lp -o gamma=1700 nom_fichier ENTREE
lpr -o gamma=1700 nom_fichier ENTREE
Les valeurs supérieures à 1000 éclaircissent l'impression, tandis que
les valeurs inférieures à 1000 l'assombrissent. La valeur implicite est
1000.
Les options suivantes s'appliquent à l'impression de fichier texte.
L'option -o cpi=value définit le nombre de caractères
par pouce (NdT : 1 pouce = 2,54 cm):
lp -o cpi=10 nom_fichier ENTREE
lp -o cpi=12 nom_fichier ENTREE
lpr -o cpi=17 nom_fichier ENTREE
Le nombre implicite de caractères par pouce est 10.
L'option -o lpi=value définit le nombre de lignes par
pouce:
lp -o lpi=6 nom_fichier ENTREE
lpr -o lpi=8 nom_fichier ENTREE
Le nombre implicite de lignes par pouces est 6.
L'option -o columns=value définit le nombre de colonnes
de texte:
lp -o columns=2 nom_fichier ENTREE
lpr -o columns=3 nom_fichier ENTREE
Le nombre de colonnes implicite est 1.
Normalement, les marges de la page sont fixées par les limites
physiques de l'imprimante. Utilisez les options -o
page-left=value, -o page-right=value , -o
page-top=value, et -o page-bottom=value pour
ajuster les marges:
lp -o page-left=valeur nom_fichier ENTREE
lp -o page-right=valeur nom_fichier ENTREE
lp -o page-top=valeur nom_fichier ENTREE
lp -o page-bottom=valeur nom_fichier ENTREE
lpr -o page-bottom=valeur nom_fichier ENTREE
L'argument valeur est la marge en points; 1 point =
1/72ème de pouce = 0.35mm.
L'option -o prettyprint ajoute un en-tête en haut de
chaque page. Celui-ci comporte le numéro de page, le titre du travail
d'impression (habituellement le nom du fichier), et la date. Les mots
clefs C, C++ et les lignes de commentaires sont également représentées
en italique:
lp -o prettyprint nom_fichier ENTREE
lpr -o prettyprint nom_fichier ENTREE
Les options suivantes s'appliquent lors de l'impression de fichiers
image.
L'option -o position=name indique la position de l'image
dans la page:
center - Centre l'image dans la page (valeur implicite)top - Imprime l'image calée en haut de la page et
centrée en largeurleft - Imprime l'image calée à gauche de la page et
centrée en hauteurright - Imprime l'image calée à droite de la page et
centrée en hauteurtop-left - Imprime l'image calée dans le coin supérieur
gauchetop-right - Imprime l'image calée dans le coin
supérieur droitbottom - Imprime l'image calée en bas de la page et
centrée en largeurbottom-left - Imprime l'image calée dans le coin
inférieur gauchebottom-right - Imprime l'image calée dans le coin
inférieur droit
Les options -o scaling=percent, -o ppi=value
, et -o natural-scaling=percent changent la taille de
l'image imprimée:
lp -o scaling=percent nom_fichier ENTREE
lp -o ppi=value nom_fichier ENTREE
lpr -o natural-scaling=percent nom_fichier ENTREE
La valeur scaling=percent est un nombre compris entre 1
et 800 indiquant la taille par rapport celle de la page (pas celle
de l'image). Un valeur de 100% va adapter l'image à la taille
maximale que permet la page (en fonction des contraintes imposées par
le rapport hauteur/largeur de l'image). Une valeur de 200% imprimera
l'image répartie sur 4 pages.
La valeur ppi=value est un nombre compris entre 1 et
1200 indiquant la résolution de l'image en pixels par pouce. Une image
qui mesure 3000x2400 pixels s'imprimera sur le papier en 10x8 pouces à
une résolution de 300 pixels par pouce (ppp ou, en anglais, dpi). Si la
résolution indiquée donne une image plus grande que la page, plusieurs
pages sont imprimées pour satisfaire la requête.
La valeur natural-scaling=percent est un nombre compris
entre 1 et 800 indiquant la taille d'impression de l'image relativement
à sa taille d'origine. Une valeur de 100% imprimera l'image dans sa
taille normale, tandis qu'une valeur de 50% donnera une taille moitié
moins grande. Si la valeur indiquée donne une image plus grande que la
page, plusieurs pages sont imprimées pour satisfaire la requête.
La valeur -o hue=value ajustera la teinte ("hue") de
l'image imprimée, comme le réglage de teinte de votre télévision:
lp -o hue=value nom_fichier ENTREE
lpr -o hue=value nom_fichier ENTREE
L'argument value est un nombre compris entre -360 et 360
représentant une rotation de teinte. Le tableau suivant, résume les
changements que vous verrez avec différentes couleurs:
| Original | hue=-45 | hue=45 |
|---|
| Rouge | Pourpre | Jaune-orange |
| Vert | Jaune-vert | Bleu-vert |
| Jaune | Orange | Vert-Jaune |
| Bleu | Bleu ciel | Pourpre |
| Magenta | Indigo | Rouge cramoisi |
| Cyan | Bleu-vert | Blue marine clair |
La valeur implicite de ce paramètre est 0.
L'option -o saturation=percent ajuste la saturation des
couleurs de l'image, comme le bouton "couleur" de votre télévision:
lp -o saturation=percent nom_fichier ENTREE
lpr -o saturation=percent nom_fichier ENTREE
L'argument percent indique la saturation de couleur de 0
à 200. Une saturation de 0 produit une image en noir et blanc, tandis
qu'une valeur de 200 rend les couleurs extrêmement intenses.
La saturation implicite est de 100.
Les options suivantes s'appliquent aux fichiers HP-GL/2.
L'option -o blackplot indique que tous les "stylos"
doivent écrire en noir:
lp -o blackplot nom_fichier ENTREE
lpr -o blackplot nom_fichier ENTREE
La valeur implicite est d'utiliser les couleurs définies dans le
fichier ou les couleurs standards de "stylos" définies dans le manuel
de référence HP-GL/2.
L'option -o fitplot indique que le tracé doit être mis à
l'échelle pour tenir sur la page:
lp -o fitplot nom_fichier ENTREE
lpr -o fitplot nom_fichier ENTREE
Le comportement implicite est d'utiliser les distances absolues
définies dans le fichier.
| NOTE:
Cette fonctionnalité dépend d'une définition précise de la commande
de taille de tracé (PS) dans le fichier HP-GL/2. Si aucune
taille de tracé n'est donnée dans le fichier, alors le filtre HP-GL/2
considère que le tracé a une taille ANSI E.
|
L'option -o penwidth=valeur indique la valeur implicite
de largeur de tracé pour les fichiers HP-GL/2:
lp -o penwidth=valeur nom_fichier ENTREE
lpr -o penwidth=valeur nom_fichier ENTREE
La valeur de largeur de tracé définit la largeur de
"stylo" en micromètres. La valeur implicite de 1000 produit des lignes
de 1 millimètre de large. Indiquer une largeur de "stylo" de 0 produit
un tracé d'un pixel de large.
| NOTE:
Cette option est ignorée si les largeurs de tracé sont définies dans
le fichier.
|
L'option -o raw vous permet d'envoyer directement des
fichiers à l'imprimante sans faire de filtrage. Cela est parfois
nécessaire lors que vous imprimez depuis des applications qui
fournissent leur propres "pilotes d'imprimantes" pour votre imprimante:
lp -o raw nom_fichier ENTREE
lpr -o raw nom_fichier ENTREE
L'option -l peut également être utilisée avec la
commande lpr pour envoyer directement des fichiers à une
imprimante:
lpr -l nom_fichier ENTREE
Ce chapitre décrit comment sauvegarder les options pour votre
imprimante et définir votre propre imprimante implicite.
Chaque imprimante prend en charge un grand nombre d'options, que vous
avez découvertes dans le Chapitre 3,
"Options standards d'imprimante". Plutôt qu'indiquer ces options à
chaque fois que vous imprimez un fichier, CUPS vous permet de
sauvegarder comme "implicites" les options pour votre imprimante.
La commande lpoptions(1) sauvegarde les options de vos
imprimantes. Comme les commandes lp et lpr,
elle accepte les options d'imprimantes en utilisant l'argument -o
:
lpoptions -o media=A4 -o sides=two-sided-long-edge ENTREE
lpoptions -o media=Legal -o scaling=100 ENTREE
Une fois sauvegardées, toute commande lp ou lpr
les utilisera lorsque vous imprimerez.
L'exemple précédent montre comment régler les options pour
l'imprimante implicite. L'option -p imprimante indique que
les options sont pour une autre imprimante:
lpoptions -p laserjet -o media=A4 -o sides=two-sided-long-edge ENTREE
lpoptions -p deskjet -o media=Legal -o scaling=100 ENTREE
La commande lpoptions peut également être utilisée pour
afficher les options actuelles en n'indiquant aucune option sur la
ligne de commande:
lpoptions ENTREE
media=A4 sides=two-sided-long-edge
lpoptions -p deskjet ENTREE
media=Legal scaling=100
L'administrateur définira généralement une imprimante implicite
valable pour tout le système et qui sera utilisée par tous. Utilisez
l'option -d imprimante pour définir votre propre
imprimante implicite:
lpoptions -d deskjet ENTREE
L'imprimante peut être locale (deskjet) ou à distance (
deskjet@serveur).
En plus de définir des réglages pour chaque file d'impression, CUPS
prend en charge les instances d'imprimantes qui vous permettent
de définir différents jeux d'options pour chaque imprimante. Vous
indiquez chaque instante en utilisant le caractère "slash" (/
):
lpoptions -p laserjet/duplex -o sides=two-sided-long-edge ENTREE
lpoptions -p laserjet/legal -o media=Legal ENTREE
Les commandes lp et lpr comprennent
également la notation:
lp -d laserjet/duplex nom_fichier ENTREE
lpr -P laserjet/legal nom_fichier ENTREE
Utilisez l'option -x imprimante/instance pour retirer
une instance d'imprimante dont vous n'avez plus besoin:
lpoptions -x laserjet ENTREE
lpoptions -x laserjet/duplex ENTREE
lpoptions -x laserjet/legal ENTREE
L'option -x ne retire que les options implicites pour
cette instance d'imprimante. la file d'impression d'origine demeurera
jusqu'à suppression au moyen de la commande lpadmin(8) par
l'administrateur.
Copyright 1997-2003 by Easy Software Products
44141 AIRPORT VIEW DR STE 204
HOLLYWOOD, MARYLAND 20636-3111 USA
Voice: +1.301.373.9600
Email: cups-info@cups.org
WWW: http://www.cups.org
The Common UNIX Printing SystemTM, ("CUPSTM"),
is provided under the GNU General Public License ("GPL") and GNU
Library General Public License ("LGPL"), Version 2. A copy of these
licenses follow this introduction.
The GNU LGPL applies to the CUPS API library, located in the "cups"
subdirectory of the CUPS source distribution and in the
"/usr/include/cups" directory and "libcups.a", "libcups_s.a",
"libcups.sl", or "libcups.so" files in the binary distributions.
The GNU GPL applies to the remainder of the CUPS distribution,
including the "pstoraster" filter which is based upon GNU Ghostscript
5.50 and the "pdftops" filter which is based upon Xpdf 0.93a.
For those not familiar with the GNU GPL, the license basically allows
you to:
- Use the CUPS software at no charge.
- Distribute verbatim copies of the software in source or binary form.
- Sell verbatim copies of the software for a media fee, or sell
support for the software.
- Distribute or sell printer drivers and filters that use CUPS so long
as source code is made available under the GPL.
What this license does not allow you to do is make changes or
add features to CUPS and then sell a binary distribution without source
code. You must provide source for any new drivers, changes, or
additions to the software, and all code must be provided under the GPL
or LGPL as appropriate.
The GNU LGPL relaxes the "link-to" restriction, allowing you to
develop applications that use the CUPS API library under other licenses
and/or conditions as appropriate for your application.
Easy Software Products has trademarked the Common UNIX Printing
System, CUPS, and CUPS logo. These names and logos may be used freely
in any direct port or binary distribution of CUPS. To use them in
derivative products, please contract Easy Software Products for written
permission. Our intention is to protect the value of these trademarks
and ensure that any derivative product meets the same high-quality
standards as the original.
Easy Software Products also sells rights to the CUPS source code
under a binary distribution license for vendors that are unable to
release source code for their drivers, additions, and modifications to
CUPS under the GNU GPL and LGPL. For information please contact us at
the address shown above.
The Common UNIX Printing System provides a "pstoraster" filter that
utilizes the GNU GhostScript 5.50 core to convert PostScript files into
a stream of raster images. For binary distribution licensing of this
software, please contact: Miles Jones
Director of Marketing
Artifex Software Inc.
454 Las Gallinas Ave., Suite 108
San Rafael, CA 94903 USA
Voice: +1.415.492.9861
Fax: +1.415.492.9862
EMail: info@arsoft.com
The "pdftops" filter is based on the Xpdf 0.93a software. For binary
distribution licensing of this software, please contact:
Derek B. Noonburg
Email: derekn@foolabs.com
WWW:
http://www.foolabs.com/xpdf/
Easy Software Products sells software support for CUPS as well as a
commercial printing product based on CUPS called ESP Print Pro. You can
find out more at our web site:
http://www.easysw.com
Version 2, June 1991
Copyright 1989, 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA
Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim
copies of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
The licenses for most software are designed to take away your freedom
to share and change it. By contrast, the GNU General Public License is
intended to guarantee your freedom to share and change free
software--to make sure the software is free for all its users. This
General Public License applies to most of the Free Software
Foundation's software and to any other program whose authors commit to
using it. (Some other Free Software Foundation software is covered by
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your programs, too.
When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not
price. Our General Public Licenses are designed to make sure that you
have the freedom to distribute copies of free software (and charge for
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if you want it, that you can change the software or use pieces of it in
new free programs; and that you know you can do these things.
To protect your rights, we need to make restrictions that forbid
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These restrictions translate to certain responsibilities for you if you
distribute copies of the software, or if you modify it.
For example, if you distribute copies of such a program, whether
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you have. You must make sure that they, too, receive or can get the
source code. And you must show them these terms so they know their
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We protect your rights with two steps: (1) copyright the software,
and (2) offer you this license which gives you legal permission to
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The precise terms and conditions for copying, distribution and
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TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR COPYING, DISTRIBUTION AND MODIFICATION
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These requirements apply to the modified work as a whole. If
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Thus, it is not the intent of this section to claim rights or contest
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In addition, mere aggregation of another work not based on the
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END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS
Version 2, June 1991
Copyright (C) 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA
Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
[This is the first released version of the library GPL. It is
numbered 2 because it goes with version 2 of the ordinary GPL.]
The licenses for most software are designed to take away your freedom
to share and change it. By contrast, the GNU General Public Licenses
are intended to guarantee your freedom to share and change free
software--to make sure the software is free for all its users.
This license, the Library General Public License, applies to some
specially designated Free Software Foundation software, and to any
other libraries whose authors decide to use it. You can use it for your
libraries, too.
When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not
price. Our General Public Licenses are designed to make sure that you
have the freedom to distribute copies of free software (and charge for
this service if you wish), that you receive source code or can get it
if you want it, that you can change the software or use pieces of it in
new free programs; and that you know you can do these things.
To protect your rights, we need to make restrictions that forbid
anyone to deny you these rights or to ask you to surrender the rights.
These restrictions translate to certain responsibilities for you if you
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For example, if you distribute copies of the library, whether gratis
or for a fee, you must give the recipients all the rights that we gave
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code. If you link a program with the library, you must provide complete
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you must show them these terms so they know their rights.
Our method of protecting your rights has two steps: (1) copyright the
library, and (2) offer you this license which gives you legal
permission to copy, distribute and/or modify the library.
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that any problems introduced by others will not reflect on the original
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