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fonts-conf
Name
fonts.conf -- Font configuration files
Synopsis
/etc/fonts/fonts.conf
/etc/fonts/fonts.dtd
~/.fonts.conf
Description
Fontconfig is a library designed to provide system-wide font
configuration, customization and application access.
Functional Overview
Fontconfig contains two essential modules, the configuration module
which builds an internal configuration from XML files and the
matching module which accepts font patterns and returns the nearest
matching font.
Font Configuration
The configuration module consists of the FcConfig datatype, libexpat
and FcConfigParse which walks over an XML tree and ammends a
configuration with data found within. From an external perspective,
configuration of the library consists of generating a valid XML tree
and feeding that to FcConfigParse. The only other mechanism provided
to applications for changing the running configuration is to add
fonts and directories to the list of application-provided font
files.
The intent is to make font configurations relatively static, and
shared by as many applications as possible. It is hoped that this
will lead to more stable font selection when passing names from one
application to another. XML was chosen as a configuration file
format because it provides a format which is easy for external
agents to edit while retaining the correct structure and syntax.
Font configuration is separate from font matching; applications
needing to do their own matching can access the available fonts from
the library and perform private matching. The intent is to permit
applications to pick and choose appropriate functionality from the
library instead of forcing them to choose between this library and a
private configuration mechanism. The hope is that this will ensure
that configuration of fonts for all applications can be centralized
in one place. Centralizing font configuration will simplify and
regularize font installation and customization.
Font Properties
While font patterns may contain essentially any properties, there
are some well known properties with associated types. Fontconfig
uses some of these properties for font matching and font completion.
Others are provided as a convenience for the applications rendering
mechanism.
Property Type Description
--------------------------------------------------------------
family String Font family name
style String Font style. Overrides weight and slant
slant Int Italic, oblique or roman
weight Int Light, medium, demibold, bold or black
size Double Point size
aspect Double Stretches glyphs horizontally before hinting
pixelsize Double Pixel size
spacing Int Proportional, monospace or charcell
foundry String Font foundry name
antialias Bool Whether glyphs can be antialiased
hinting Bool Whether the rasterizer should use hinting
verticallayout Bool Use vertical layout
autohint Bool Use autohinter instead of normal hinter
globaladvance Bool Use font global advance data
file String The filename holding the font
index Int The index of the font within the file
ftface FT_Face Use the specified FreeType face object
rasterizer String Which rasterizer is in use
outline Bool Whether the glyphs are outlines
scalable Bool Whether glyphs can be scaled
scale Double Scale factor for point->pixel conversions
dpi Double Target dots per inch
rgba Int unknown, rgb, bgr, vrgb, vbgr,
none - subpixel geometry
minspace Bool Eliminate leading from line spacing
charset CharSet Unicode chars encoded by the font
lang String List of RFC-3066-style languages this
font supports
Font Matching
Fontconfig performs matching by measuring the distance from a
provided pattern to all of the available fonts in the system. The
closest matching font is selected. This ensures that a font will
always be returned, but doesn't ensure that it is anything like the
requested pattern.
Font matching starts with an application constructed pattern. The
desired attributes of the resulting font are collected together in a
pattern. Each property of the pattern can contain one or more
values; these are listed in priority order; matches earlier in the
list are considered "closer" than matches later in the list.
The initial pattern is modified by applying the list of editing
instructions specific to patterns found in the configuration; each
consists of a match predicate and a set of editing operations. They
are executed in the order they appeared in the configuration. Each
match causes the associated sequence of editing operations to be
applied.
After the pattern has been edited, a sequence of default
substitutions are performed to canonicalize the set of available
properties; this avoids the need for the lower layers to constantly
provide default values for various font properties during rendering.
The canonical font pattern is finally matched against all available
fonts. The distance from the pattern to the font is measured for
each of several properties: foundry, charset, family, lang, spacing,
pixelsize, style, slant, weight, antialias, rasterizer and outline.
This list is in priority order -- results of comparing earlier
elements of this list weigh more heavily than later elements.
There is one special case to this rule; family names are split into
two bindings; strong and weak. Strong family names are given greater
precedence in the match than lang elements while weak family names
are given lower precedence than lang elements. This permits the
document language to drive font selection when any document
specified font is unavailable.
The pattern representing that font is augmented to include any
properties found in the pattern but not found in the font itself;
this permits the application to pass rendering instructions or any
other data through the matching system. Finally, the list of editing
instructions specific to fonts found in the configuration are
applied to the pattern. This modified pattern is returned to the
application.
The return value contains sufficient information to locate and
rasterize the font, including the file name, pixel size and other
rendering data. As none of the information involved pertains to the
FreeType library, applications are free to use any rasterization
engine or even to take the identified font file and access it
directly.
The match/edit sequences in the configuration are performed in two
passes because there are essentially two different operations
necessary -- the first is to modify how fonts are selected; aliasing
families and adding suitable defaults. The second is to modify how
the selected fonts are rasterized. Those must apply to the selected
font, not the original pattern as false matches will often occur.
Font Names
Fontconfig provides a textual representation for patterns that the
library can both accept and generate. The representation is in three
parts, first a list of family names, second a list of point sizes
and finally a list of additional properties:
<families>-<point sizes>:<name1>=<values1>:<name2>=<values2>...
Values in a list are separated with commas. The name needn't include
either families or point sizes; they can be elided. In addition,
there are symbolic constants that simultaneously indicate both a
name and a value. Here are some examples:
Name Meaning
----------------------------------------------------------
Times-12 12 point Times Roman
Times-12:bold 12 point Times Bold
Courier:italic Courier Italic in the default size
Monospace:matrix=1 .1 0 1 The users preferred monospace font
with artificial obliquing
Lang Tags
Each font in the database contains a list of languages it supports.
This is computed by comparing the Unicode coverage of the font with
the orthography of each language. Languages are tagged using an
RFC-3066 compatible naming and occur in two parts -- the ISO639
language tag followed a hyphen and then by the ISO 3166 country
code. The hyphen and country code may be elided.
Fontconfig has orthographies for several languages built into the
library. No provision has been made for adding new ones aside from
rebuilding the library. It currently supports 122 of the 139
languages named in ISO 639-1, 141 of the languages with two-letter
codes from ISO 639-2 and another 30 languages with only three-letter
codes.
Configuration File Format
Configuration files for fontconfig are stored in XML format; this
format makes external configuration tools easier to write and
ensures that they will generate syntactically correct configuration
files. As XML files are plain text, they can also be manipulated by
the expert user using a text editor.
The fontconfig document type definition resides in the external
entity "fonts.dtd"; this is normally stored in the default font
configuration directory (/etc/fonts). Each configuration file should
contain the following structure:
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<!DOCTYPE fontconfig SYSTEM "fonts.dtd">
<fontconfig>
...
</fontconfig>
<fontconfig>
This is the top level element for a font configuration and can
contain dir, cache, include, match and alias elements in any order.
dir
This element contains a directory name which will be scanned for
font files to include in the set of available fonts.
cache
This element contains a file name for the per-user cache of font
information. If it starts with '~', it refers to a file in the users
home directory. This file is used to hold information about fonts
that isn't present in the per-directory cache files. It is
automatically maintained by the fontconfig library. The default for
this file is ``~/.fonts.cache-version'', where version is the font
configuration file version number (currently 1).
include ignore_missing="no"
This element contains the name of an additional configuration file.
When the XML datatype is traversed by FcConfigParse, the contents of
the file will also be incorporated into the configuration by passing
the filename to FcConfigLoadAndParse. If 'ignore_missing' is set to
"yes" instead of the default "no", a missing file will elicit no
warning message from the library.
config
This element provides a place to consolodate additional
configuration information. config can contain blank and rescan
elements in any order.
blank
Fonts often include "broken" glyphs which appear in the encoding but
are drawn as blanks on the screen. Within the blank element, place
each Unicode characters which is supposed to be blank in an int
element. Characters outside of this set which are drawn as blank
will be elided from the set of characters supported by the font.
rescan
The rescan element holds an int element which indicates the default
interval between automatic checks for font configuration changes.
Fontconfig will validate all of the configuration files and
directories and automatically rebuild the internal datastructures
when this interval passes.
match target="pattern"
This element holds first a (possibly empty) list of test elements
and then a (possibly empty) list of edit elements. Patterns which
match all of the tests are subjected to all the edits. If 'target'
is set to "font" instead of the default "pattern", then this element
applies to the font name resulting from a match rather than a font
pattern to be matched.
test qual="any" name="property" compare="eq"
This element contains a single value which is compared with the
pattern property "property" (substitute any of the property names
seen above). 'compare' can be one of "eq", "not_eq", "less",
"less_eq", "more", or "more_eq". 'qual' may either be the default,
"any", in which case the match succeeds if any value associated with
the property matches the test value, or "all", in which case all of
the values associated with the property must match the test value.
edit name="property" mode="assign" binding="weak"
This element contains a list of expression elements (any of the
value or operator elements). The expression elements are evaluated
at run-time and modify the property "property". The modification
depends on whether "property" was matched by one of the associated
test elements, if so, the modification may affect the first matched
value. Any values inserted into the property are given the indicated
binding. 'mode' is one of:
Mode With Match Without Match
---------------------------------------------------------------------
"assign" Replace matching value Replace all values
"assign_replace" Replace all values Replace all values
"prepend" Insert before matching Insert at head of lis
t
"prepend_first" Insert at head of list Insert at head of lis
t
"append" Append after matching Append at end of list
"append_last" Append at end of list Append at end of list
int, double, string, bool
These elements hold a single value of the indicated type. bool
elements hold either true or false. An important limitation exists
in the parsing of floating point numbers -- fontconfig requires that
the mantissa start with a digit, not a decimal point, so insert a
leading zero for purely fractional values (e.g. use 0.5 instead of
.5 and -0.5 instead of -.5).
matrix
This element holds the four double elements of an affine
transformation.
name
Holds a property name. Evaluates to the first value from the
property of the font, not the pattern.
const
Holds the name of a constant; these are always integers and serve as
symbolic names for common font values:
Constant Property Value
-------------------------------------
light weight 0
medium weight 100
demibold weight 180
bold weight 200
black weight 210
roman slant 0
italic slant 100
oblique slant 110
proportional spacing 0
mono spacing 100
charcell spacing 110
unknown rgba 0
rgb rgba 1
bgr rgba 2
vrgb rgba 3
vbgr rgba 4
none rgba 5
or, and, plus, minus, times, divide
These elements perform the specified operation on a list of
expression elements. or and and are boolean, not bitwise.
eq, not_eq, less, less_eq, more, more_eq
These elements compare two values, producing a boolean result.
not
Inverts the boolean sense of its one expression element
if
This element takes three expression elements; if the value of the
first is true, it produces the value of the second, otherwise it
produces the value of the third.
alias
Alias elements provide a shorthand notation for the set of common
match operations needed to substitute one font family for another.
They contain a family element followed by optional prefer, accept
and default elements. Fonts matching the family element are edited
to prepend the list of prefered families before the matching family,
append the acceptable familys after the matching family and append
the default families to the end of the family list.
family
Holds a single font family name
prefer, accept, default
These hold a list of family elements to be used by the alias
element. /article
EXAMPLE CONFIGURATION FILE
System configuration file
This is an example of a system-wide configuration file
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<!DOCTYPE fontconfig SYSTEM "fonts.dtd">
<!-- /etc/fonts/fonts.conf file to configure system font access -->
<fontconfig>
<!--
Find fonts in these directories
-->
<dir>/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/truetype</dir>
<dir>/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/Type1</dir>
<!--
Accept deprecated 'mono' alias, replacing it with 'monospace'
-->
<match target="pattern">
<test qual="any" name="family"><string>mono</string></test>
<edit name="family" mode="assign"><string>monospace</string></e
dit>
</match>
<!--
Names not including any well known alias are given 'sans'
-->
<match target="pattern">
<test qual="all" name="family" mode="not_eq">sans</test>
<test qual="all" name="family" mode="not_eq">serif</test>
<test qual="all" name="family" mode="not_eq">monospace</test>
<edit name="family" mode="append_last"><string>sans</string></e
dit>
</match>
<!--
Load per-user customization file, but don't complain
if it doesn't exist
-->
<include ignore_missing="yes">~/.fonts.conf</include>
<!--
Alias well known font names to available TrueType fonts.
These substitute TrueType faces for similar Type1
faces to improve screen appearance.
-->
<alias>
<family>Times</family>
<prefer><family>Times New Roman</family></prefer>
<default><family>serif</family></default>
</alias>
<alias>
<family>Helvetica</family>
<prefer><family>Verdana</family></prefer>
<default><family>sans</family></default>
</alias>
<alias>
<family>Courier</family>
<prefer><family>Courier New</family></prefer>
<default><family>monospace</family></default>
</alias>
<!--
Provide required aliases for standard names
Do these after the users configuration file so that
any aliases there are used preferentially
-->
<alias>
<family>serif</family>
<prefer><family>Times New Roman</family></prefer>
</alias>
<alias>
<family>sans</family>
<prefer><family>Verdana</family></prefer>
</alias>
<alias>
<family>monospace</family>
<prefer><family>Andale Mono</family></prefer>
</alias>
</fontconfig>
User configuration file
This is an example of a per-user configuration file that lives in
~/.fonts.conf
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<!DOCTYPE fontconfig SYSTEM "fonts.dtd">
<!-- ~/.fonts.conf for per-user font configuration -->
<fontconfig>
<!--
Private font directory
-->
<dir>~/misc/fonts</dir>
<!--
use rgb sub-pixel ordering to improve glyph appearance on
LCD screens. Changes affecting rendering, but not matching
should always use target="font".
-->
<match target="font">
<edit name="rgba" mode="assign"><const>rgb</const></edit>
</match>
</fontconfig>
Files
fonts.conf contains configuration information for the fontconfig
library consisting of directories to look at for font information as
well as instructions on editing program specified font patterns
before attempting to match the available fonts. It is in xml format.
fonts.dtd is a DTD that describes the format of the configuration
files.
~/.fonts.conf is the conventional location for per-user font
configuration, although the actual location is specified in the
global fonts.conf file.
~/.fonts.cache-* is the conventional repository of font information
that isn't found in the per-directory caches. This file is
automatically maintained by fontconfig.
Version
Fontconfig version 2.2.3
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