www.mina-info.me - c99shell

!C99Shell v. 1.0 pre-release build #16!
Software: Apache/2.0.54 (Fedora). PHP/5.0.4 uname -a: Linux mina-info.me 2.6.17-1.2142_FC4smp #1 SMP Tue Jul 11 22:57:02 EDT 2006 i686 uid=48(apache) gid=48(apache) groups=48(apache) context=system_u:system_r:httpd_sys_script_t Safe-mode: OFF (not secure) /usr/share/doc/samba-3.0.23a/htmldocs/using_samba/ drwxr-xr-x Free 3.18 GB of 27.03 GB (11.77%) Encoder Tools Proc. FTP brute Sec. SQL PHP-code Update Feedback Self remove Logout

The Fault Tree

The fault tree presented in this section is for diagnosing and fixing problems that occur when you're installing and reconfiguring Samba. It's an expanded form of the trouble and diagnostic document DIAGNOSIS.txt, which is part of the Samba distribution.

Before you set out to troubleshoot any part of the Samba suite, you should know the following information:

Your client IP address (we use 192.168.236.10)
Your server IP address (we use 192.168.236.86)
The netmask for your network (typically 255.255.255.0)
Whether the systems are all on the same subnet (ours are)

For clarity, we've renamed the server in the following examples to server.example.com, and the client system to client.example.com.

How to Use the Fault Tree

Start the tests here, without skipping forward; it won't take long (about 5 minutes) and might actually save you time backtracking. Whenever a test succeeds, you will be given a name of a section to which you can safely skip.

Troubleshooting Low-Level IP

The first series of tests is that of the low-level services that Samba needs to run. The tests in this section verify that:

The IP software works
The Ethernet hardware works
Basic name service is in place

Subsequent sections add TCP software, the Samba daemons smbd and nmbd, host-based access control, authentication and per-user access control, file services, and browsing. The tests are described in considerable detail to make them understandable by both technically oriented end users and experienced systems and network administrators.

Testing the networking software with ping

The first command to enter on both the server and the client is ping 127.0.0.1. This pings the loopback address and indicates whether any networking support is functioning. On Unix, you can use ping 127.0.0.1 with the statistics option and interrupt it after a few lines. On Sun workstations, the command is typically /usr/etc/ping -s 127.0.0.1; on Linux, just ping 127.0.0.1. On Windows clients, run ping 127.0.0.1 in an MS-DOS (command prompt) window, and it will stop by itself after four lines.

Here is an example on a Linux server:

$ ping 127.0.0.1 
PING localhost: 56 data bytes 64 bytes from localhost (127.0.0.1): 
icmp-seq=0. time=1. ms 64 bytes from localhost (127.0.0.1): 
icmp-seq=1. time=0. ms 64 bytes from localhost (127.0.0.1): 
icmp-seq=2. time=1. ms ^C 
----127.0.0.1 PING Statistics---- 
3 packets transmitted, 3 packets received, 0% packet loss round-trip (ms)  
min/avg/max = 0/0/1

If you get "ping: no answer from . . . " or "100% packet loss," you have no IP networking installed on the system. The address 127.0.0.1 is the internal loopback address and doesn't depend on the computer being physically connected to a network. If this test fails, you have a serious local problem. TCP/IP either isn't installed or is seriously misconfigured. See your operating system documentation if it's a Unix server. If it's a Windows client, follow the instructions in Chapter 3 to install networking support.

TIP

If you're the network manager, some good references are Craig Hunt's TCP/IP Network Administration, Chapter 11, and Craig Hunt and Robert Bruce Thompson's Windows NT TCP/IP Network Administration, both published by O'Reilly.

Testing local name services with ping

Next, try to ping localhost on the Samba server. The localhost hostname is the conventional hostname for the 127.0.0.1 loopback interface, and it should resolve to that address. After typing ping localhost, you should see output similar to the following:

$  ping localhost  
PING localhost: 56 data bytes  64 bytes from localhost (127.0.0.1):
icmp-seq=0. time=0. ms  64 bytes from localhost (127.0.0.1): 
icmp-seq=1. time=0. ms  64 bytes from localhost (127.0.0.1): 
icmp-seq=2. time=0. ms  ^C

If this succeeds, try the same test on the client. Otherwise:

If you get "unknown host: localhost," there is a problem resolving the hostname localhost into a valid IP address. (This might be as simple as a missing entry in a local hosts file.) From here, skip down to Section 12.2.7 later in this chapter.
If you get "ping: no answer," or "100% packet loss," but pinging 127.0.0.1 worked, name services is resolving to an address, but it isn't the correct one. Check the file or database (typically /etc/hosts on a Unix system) that the name service is using to resolve addresses to ensure that the entry is correct.

Testing the networking hardware with ping

Next, ping the server's network IP address from itself. This should get you exactly the same results as pinging 127.0.0.1:

$ ping 192.168.236.86 
PING 192.168.236.86: 56 data bytes 64 bytes from 192.168.236.86 (192.168.236.86): 
icmp-seq=0. time=1. ms 64 bytes from 192.168.236.86 (192.168.236.86): 
icmp-seq=1. time=0. ms 64 bytes from 192.168.236.86 (192.168.236.86): 
icmp-seq=2. time=1. ms ^C 
----192.168.236.86 PING Statistics---- 
3 packets transmitted, 3 packets received, 0% packet loss round-trip (ms)  
min/avg/max = 0/0/1

If this works on the server, repeat it for the client. Otherwise:

If ping network_ip fails on either the server or client, but ping 127.0.0.1 works on that system, you have a TCP/IP problem that is specific to the Ethernet network interface card on the computer. Check with the documentation for the network card or host operating system to determine how to configure it correctly. However, be aware that on some operating systems, the ping command appears to work even if the network is disconnected, so this test doesn't always diagnose all hardware problems.

Testing connections with ping

Now, ping the server by name (instead of its IP address)—once from the server and once from the client. This is the general test for working network hardware:

$ ping server 
PING server.example.com: 56 data bytes 64 bytes from server.example.com (192.168.236.86): 
icmp-seq=0. time=1. ms 64 bytes from server.example.com (192.168.236.86): 
icmp-seq=1. time=0. ms 64 bytes from server.example.com (192.168.236.86): 
icmp-seq=2. time=1. ms ^C 
----server.example.com PING Statistics---- 
3 packets transmitted, 3 packets received, 0% packet loss round-trip (ms)  
min/avg/max = 0/0/1

If successful, this test tells us five things:

The hostname (e.g., server) is being found by your local name server.
The hostname has been expanded to the full name (e.g., server.example.com).
Its address is being returned (192.168.236.86).
The client has sent the Samba server four 56-byte UDP/IP packets.
The Samba server has replied to all four packets.

If this test isn't successful, one of several things can be wrong with the network:

First, if you get ping: no answer, or 100% packet loss, you're not connecting to the network, the other system isn't connecting, or one of the addresses is incorrect. Check the addresses that the ping command reports on each system, and ensure that they match the ones you set up initially.

If not, there is at least one mismatched address between the two systems. Try entering the command arp -a, and see if there is an entry for the other system. (The arp command stands for the Address Resolution Protocol. The arp -a command lists all the addresses known on the local system.) Here are some things to try:

If you receive a message like 192.168.236.86 at (incomplete), the Ethernet address of 192.168.236.86 is unknown. This indicates a complete lack of connectivity, and you're likely having a problem at the very bottom of the TCP/IP protocol stack—the Ethernet interface layer. This is discussed in Chapters 5 and 6 of TCP/IP Network Administration (O'Reilly).
If you receive a response similar to server (192.168.236.86) at 8:0:20:12:7c:94, the server has been reached at some time, or another system is answering on its behalf. However, this means that ping should have worked: you may have an intermittent networking or ARP problem.
If the IP address from ARP doesn't match the addresses you expected, investigate and correct the addresses manually.

If each system can ping itself but not another, something is wrong on the network between them.

If you get ping: network unreachable or ICMP Host Unreachable, you're not receiving an answer, and more than one network is probably involved.

In principle, you shouldn't try to troubleshoot SMB clients and servers on different networks. Try to test a server and client that are on the same network:

First, perform the tests for ping: no answer described earlier in this section. If this doesn't identify the problem, the remaining possibilities are the following: an address is wrong, your netmask is wrong, a network is down, or the packets have been stopped by a firewall.

Check both the address and the netmasks on source and destination systems to see if something is obviously wrong. Assuming both systems really are on the same network, they both should have the same netmasks, and ping should report the correct addresses. If the addresses are wrong, you'll need to correct them. If they are correct, the programs might be confused by an incorrect netmask. See Section 12.2.8.1, later in this chapter.

If the commands are still reporting that the network is unreachable and neither of the previous two conditions are in error, one network really might be unreachable from the other. This, too, is an issue for the network manager.
If you get ICMP Administratively Prohibited, you've struck a firewall of some sort or a misconfigured router. You will need to speak to your network security officer.
If you get ICMP Host redirect and ping reports packets getting through, this is generally harmless: you're simply being rerouted over the network.
If you get a host redirect and no ping responses, you are being redirected, but no one is responding. Treat this just like the Network unreachable response, and check your addresses and netmasks.
If you get ICMP Host Unreachable from gateway gateway name, ping packets are being routed to another network, but the other system isn't responding and the router is reporting the problem on its behalf. Again, treat this like a Network unreachable response, and start checking addresses and netmasks.
If you get ping: unknown host hostname, your system's name is not known. This tends to indicate a name service problem, which didn't affect localhost. Have a look at Section 12.2.7, later in this chapter.
If you get a partial success—with some pings failing but others succeeding—you have either an intermittent problem between the systems or an overloaded network. Ping a bit longer, and see if more than about three percent of the packets fail. If so, check it with your network manager: a problem might just be starting. However, if only a few fail, or if you happen to know some massive network program is running, don't worry unduly. The ICMP (and UDP) protocols used by ping are allowed to drop occasional packets.
If you get a response such as smtsvr.antares.net is alive when you actually pinged client.example.com, either you're using someone else's address or the system has multiple names and addresses. If the address is wrong, the name service is clearly the culprit; you'll need to change the address in the name service database to refer to the correct system. This is discussed in Section 12.2.7, later in this chapter.

Servers are often multihomed —i.e., connected to more than one network, with different names on each net. If you are getting a response from an unexpected name on a multihomed server, look at the address and see if it's on your network (see Section 12.2.8.1, later in this chapter). If so, you should use that address, rather than one on a different network, for both performance and reliability reasons.

Servers can also have multiple names for a single Ethernet address, especially if they are web servers. This is harmless, albeit startling. You probably will want to use the official (and permanent) name, rather than an alias that might change.
If everything works but the IP address reported is 127.0.0.1, you have a name service error. This typically occurs when an operating-system installation program generates an /etc/hosts line similar to 127.0.0.1 localhost hostname.domainname. The localhost line should say 127.0.0.1 localhost or 127.0.0.1 localhost loghost. Correct it, lest it cause failures to negotiate who is the master browse list holder and who is the master browser. It can also cause (ambiguous) errors in later tests.

If this worked from the server, repeat it from the client.

Troubleshooting TCP

Now that you've tested IP, UDP, and a name service with ping, it's time to test TCP. Browsing and ping use ICMP and UDP; file and print services (shares) use TCP. Both depend on IP as a lower layer, and all four depend on name services. Testing TCP is most conveniently done using the FTP program.

Testing TCP with FTP

Try connecting via FTP, once from the server to itself, and once from the client to the server:

$ ftp server
Connected to server.example.com. 
220 server.example.com FTP server (Version 6.2/OpenBSD/Linux-0.10) ready.
 Name (server:davecb): 
331 Password required for davecb. 
Password: 
230 User davecb logged in.
 ftp> quit 
221 Goodbye.

If this worked, skip to the next section, Section 12.2.4. Otherwise:

If you received the message server: unknown host, name service has failed. Go back to the corresponding ping step, Section 12.2.2.2, and rerun those tests to see why name lookup failed.
If you received ftp: connect: Connection refused, the system isn't running an FTP daemon. This is mildly unusual on Unix servers. Optionally, you might try this test by connecting to the system using telnet instead of ftp; the messages are very similar, and telnet uses TCP as well.
If there was a long pause, and then ftp: connect: Connection timed out, the system isn't reachable. Return to Section 12.2.2.4.
If you received 530 Logon Incorrect, you connected successfully, but you've just found a different problem. You likely provided an incorrect username or password. Try again, making sure you use your username from the Unix server and type your password correctly.

Troubleshooting Server Daemons

Once you've confirmed that TCP networking is working properly, the next step is to make sure the daemons are running on the server. This takes three separate tests because no single one of the following will decisively prove that they're working correctly.

To be sure they're running, you need to find out whether the daemons:

Have started
Are registered or bound to a TCP/IP port by the operating system
Are actually paying attention

Tracking daemon startup

First, check the Samba logs. If you've started the daemons, the message smbd version number started should appear. If it doesn't, you need to restart the Samba daemons.

If the daemon reports that it has indeed started, look out for bind failed on port 139 socket_addr=0 (Address already in use). This means another daemon has been started on port 139 (smbd ). Also, nmbd will report a similar failure if it cannot bind to port 137. Either you've started them twice, or the inetd server has tried to provide a daemon for you. If it's the latter, we'll diagnose that in a moment.

Looking for daemon processes with ps

Another way to make sure the daemons are running is to check their processes on the system. Use the ps command on the server with the "long" option for your system type (commonly ps ax or ps -ef), and see whether smbd and nmbd are already running. This often looks like the following:

$ ps ax
 PID TTY STAT TIME   COMMAND
 1   ?   S    0:03   init [2] 
 2   ?   SW   0:00   (kflushd)
(...many lines of processes...) 
 234 ?   S    0:14   nmbd -D3
 237 ?   S    0:11   smbd -D3
(...more lines, possibly including more smbd lines...)

This example illustrates that smbd and nmbd have already started as standalone daemons (the -D option) at log level 3.

Looking for daemons bound to ports

Next, the daemons have to be registered with the operating system so that they can get access to TCP/IP ports. The netstat command will tell you if this has been done. Run the command netstat -a on the server, and look for lines mentioning netbios, 137, or 139:

$ netstat -a 
Active Internet connections (including servers) 
Proto Recv-Q Send-Q  Local Address          Foreign Address        (state) 
udp   0      0       *.137                  *.* 
tcp   0      0       *.139                  *.*                    LISTEN 
tcp   8370   8760    server.139             client.1439            ESTABLISHED

Among similar lines, there should be at least one UDP line for *.netbios- or *.137. This indicates that the nmbd server is registered and (we hope) is waiting to answer requests. There should also be at least one TCP line mentioning *.netbios- or *.139, and it will probably be in the LISTEN state. This means that smbd is up and listening for connections.

There might be other TCP lines indicating connections from smbd to clients, one for each client. These are usually in the ESTABLISHED state. If there are smbd lines in the ESTABLISHED state, smbd is definitely running. If there is only one line in the LISTEN state, we're not sure yet. If both of the lines are missing, a daemon has not succeeded in starting, so it's time to check the logs and then go back to Chapter 2.

If there is a line for each client, it might be coming either from a Samba daemon or from the master IP daemon, inetd. It's quite possible that your inetd startup file contains lines that start Samba daemons without your realizing it; for instance, the lines might have been placed there if you installed Samba as part of a Linux distribution. The daemons started by inetd prevent ours from running. This problem typically produces log messages such as bind failed on port 139 socket addr=0 (Address already in use).

Check your /etc/inetd.conf ; unless you're intentionally starting the daemons from there, netbios-ns (UDP port 137) or netbios-ssn (tcp port 139) servers should be mentioned there. If your system is providing an SMB daemon via inetd, lines such as the following will appear in the inetd.conf file:

netbios-ssn stream tcp nowait root /usr/local/samba/bin/smbd smbd
netbios-ns dgram udp wait root /usr/local/samba/bin/nmbd nmbd

If your system uses xinetd instead of inetd, see Chapter 2 for details concerning its configuration.

Checking smbd with telnet

Ironically, the easiest way to test that the smbd server is actually working is to send it a meaningless message and see if it is rejected. Try something such as the following:

$ echo "hello" | telnet localhost 139 
Trying
Trying 192.168.236.86 ... 
Connected to localhost. Escape character is '^]'. 
Connection closed by foreign host.

This sends an erroneous but harmless message to smbd. If you get a Connected message followed by a Connection closed message, the test was a success. You have an smbd daemon listening on the port and rejecting improper connection messages. On the other hand, if you get telnet: connect: Connection refused, most likely no daemon is present. Check the logs and go back to Chapter 2.

Regrettably, there isn't an easy test for nmbd. If the telnet test and the netstat test both say that an smbd is running, there is a good chance that netstat will also be correct about nmbd running.

Testing daemons with testparm

Once you know there's a daemon, you should always run testparm, in hopes of getting something such as the following:

$ testparm 
Load smb config files from /opt/samba/lib/smb.conf
Processing section "[homes]" 
Processing section "[printers]" ... 
Processing section "[tmp]" 
Loaded services file OK. ...

The testparm program normally reports the processing of a series of sections and responds with Loaded services file OK if it succeeds. If not, it reports one or more of the following messages, which also appear in the logs as noted:

Allow/Deny connection from account (n) to service: A testparm-only message produced if you have valid user or invalid user options set in your smb.conf. You will want to make sure that you are on the valid user list, and that root, bin, etc., are on the invalid user list. If you don't, you will not be able to connect, or users who shouldn't will be able to.
Warning: You have some share names that are longer than eight chars: For anyone using Windows for Workgroups and older clients. They fail to connect to shares with long names, producing an overflow message that sounds confusingly like a memory overflow.
Warning: [name] service MUST be printable!: A printer share lacks a printable = yes option.
No path in service name using [name]: A file share doesn't know which directory to provide to the user, or a print share doesn't know which directory to use for spooling. If no path is specified, the service will try to run with a path of /tmp, which might not be what you want.
Note: Servicename is flagged unavailable: Just a reminder that you have used the available = no option in a share.
Can't find include file [name]: A configuration file referred to by an include option did not exist. If you were including the file unconditionally, this is an error and probably a serious one: the share will not have the configuration you intended. If you were including it based on one of the % variables, such as %a (architecture), you will need to decide whether, for example, a missing Windows for Workgroups configuration file is a problem. It often isn't.
Can't copy service name, unable to copy to itself: You tried to copy an smb.conf section into itself.
Unable to copy service—source not found: [name]: Indicates a missing or misspelled section in a copy = option.
Ignoring unknown parameter name: Typically indicates an obsolete, misspelled, or unsupported option.
Global parameter name found in service section: Indicates that a global-only parameter has been used in an individual share. Samba ignores the parameter.

After the testparm test, repeat it with (exactly) three parameters: the name of your smb.conf file, the name of your client, and its IP address:

# testparm /usr/local/samba/lib/smb.conf client 192.168.236.10

This will run one more test that checks the hostname and address against hosts allow and hosts deny options and might produce the Allow connection from hostname to service and/or Deny connection from hostname to service messages for the client system. These messages indicate that you have hosts allow and/or hosts deny options in your smb.conf, and they prohibit access from the client system.

Troubleshooting SMB Connections

Now that you know the servers are up, you need to make sure they're running properly. We start by placing a simple smb.conf file in the /usr/local/samba/lib directory.

A minimal smb.conf file

In the following tests, we assume you have a [temp] share suitable for testing, plus at least one account. An smb.conf file that includes just these is as follows:

[global] 
    workgroup = EXAMPLE 
    security = user
    browsable = yes 
    local master = yes 
[homes] 
    guest ok = no 
    browsable = no
[temp] 
    path = /tmp 
    public = yes

WARNING

The public = yes option in the [temp] share is just for testing. You probably don't want people without accounts storing things on your Samba server, so you should comment it out when you're done.

Testing locally with smbclient

The first test is to ensure that the server can list its own services (shares). Run the command smbclient -L localhost -U% to connect to the server from itself, and specify the guest user. You should see the following:

$ smbclient -L localhost -U% 
Server time is Wed May 27 17:57:40 2002 Timezone is UTC-4.0
Server=[localhost] 
User=[davecb] 
Workgroup=[EXAMPLE] 
Domain=[EXAMPLE]
    Sharename      Type      Comment 
    ---------      -----     ----------
    temp           Disk
    IPC$           IPC       IPC Service (Samba 1.9.18) 
    homes          Disk      Home directories
This machine does not have a browse list

If you received this output, move on to the next section, Section 12.2.5.3. On the other hand, if you receive an error, check the following:

If you get Get_hostbyname: unknown host localhost, either you've spelled its name wrong or there actually is a problem (which should have been seen back in Section 12.2.2.2). In the latter case, move on to Section 12.2.7, later in this chapter.
If you get Connect error: Connection refused, the server was found, but it wasn't running an nmbd daemon. Skip back to Section 12.2.4, earlier in this chapter, and retest the daemons.
If you get the message Your server software is being unfriendly, the initial session request packet got a garbage response from the server. The server might have crashed or started improperly. The common causes of this can be discovered by scanning the logs for the following:
- Invalid command-line parameters to smbd ; see the smbd manual page.
- A fatal problem with the smb.conf file that prevents the startup of smbd. Always check your changes with testparm, as was done in Section 12.2.4.5, earlier in this chapter.
- Missing directories where Samba is supposed to keep its log and lock files.
- The presence of a server already on the port (139 for smbd, 137 for nmbd ), preventing the daemon from starting.
If you're using inetd (or xinetd ) instead of standalone daemons, be sure to check your /etc/inetd.conf (or xinetd configuration files) and /etc/services entries against their manual pages for errors as well.
If you get a Password: prompt, your guest account is not set up properly. The -U% option tells smbclient to do a "null login," which requires that the guest account be present but does not require it to have any privileges.
If you get the message SMBtconX failed. ERRSRV--ERRaccess, you aren't permitted access to the server. This normally means you have a hosts allow option that doesn't include the server or a hosts deny option that does. Recheck with the command testparm smb.conf your_hostname your_ip_address (see Section 12.2.4.5), and correct any unintended prohibitions.

Testing connections with smbclient

Run the command smbclient \\server\temp to connect to the server's [temp] share and to see if you can connect to a file service. You should get the following response:

$ smbclient '\\server\temp' 
Server time is Tue May  5 09:49:32 2002 Timezone is UTC-4.0 Password:
smb: \> quit

You might receive the following errors:

If you get Get_Hostbyname: Unknown host name, Connect error: Connection refused, or Your server software is being unfriendly, see the previous section, Section 12.2.5.2, for the diagnoses.
If you get the message servertemp: Not enough `\' characters in service, you likely didn't quote the address, so Unix stripped off backslashes. You can also write the command:
```
smbclient \\\\server\\temp
```
or:
```
smbclient //server/temp
```

Now, provide your Unix account password to the Password: prompt. If you then get an smb: \> prompt, it worked. Enter quit and continue on to the next section, Section 12.2.5.4. If you got SMBtconX failed. ERRSRV--ERRinvnetname, the problem can be any of the following:

A wrong share name: you might have spelled it wrong, it might be too long, it might be in mixed case, or it might not be available. Check that it's what you expect with testparm (see the earlier section, Section 12.2.4.5).
A security = share parameter in your Samba configuration file, in which case you might have to add -U your_account to the smbclient command.
An erroneous username.
An erroneous password.
An invalid users or valid users option in your smb.conf file that doesn't allow your account to connect. Recheck using testparm smb.conf your_hostname your_ip_address (see the earlier section, Section 12.2.4.5).
A valid hosts option that doesn't include the server, or an invalid hosts option that does. Also test this with testparm.
A problem in authentication, such as if shadow passwords or the Password Authentication Module (PAM) is used on the server, but Samba is not compiled to use it. This is rare, but it occasionally happens when a SunOS 4 Samba binary (with no shadow passwords) is run without recompilation on a Solaris system (with shadow passwords).
The encrypted passwords = yes option is in the configuration file, but no password for your account is in the smbpasswd file.
You have a null password entry, either in Unix /etc/passwd or in the smbpasswd file.
You are connecting to [temp], and you do not have the guest ok = yes option in the [temp] section of the smb.conf file.
You are connecting to [temp] before connecting to your home directory, and your guest account isn't set up correctly. If you can connect to your home directory and then connect to [temp], that's the problem. See Chapter 2 for more information on creating a basic Samba configuration file.

A bad guest account will also prevent you from printing or browsing until after you've logged in to your home directory.

There is one more reason for this failure that has nothing at all to do with passwords: the path parameter in your smb.conf file might point somewhere that doesn't exist. This will not be diagnosed by testparm, and most SMB clients can't distinguish it from other types of bad user accounts. You will have to check it manually.

Once you have connected to [temp] successfully, repeat the test, this time logging in to your home directory (e.g., map network drive server\davecb). If you have to change anything to get that to work, retest [temp] again afterward.

Testing connections with net use

Run the command net use * \server\temp on the Windows client to see if it can connect to the server. You should be prompted for a password, then receive the response The command was completed successfully.

If that worked, continue with the steps in the next section, Section 12.2.5.5. Otherwise:

If you get The specified shared directory cannot be found, or Cannot locate specified share name, the directory name is either misspelled or not in the smb.conf file. This message can also warn of a name that is in mixed case, including spaces, or that is longer than eight characters.
If you get The computer name specified in the network path cannot be located or Cannot locate specified computer, the directory name has been misspelled, the name service has failed, there is a networking problem, or the hosts deny option includes your host.
- If it is not a spelling mistake, you need to double back at least to Section 12.2.5.3 to investigate why it doesn't connect.
- If smbclient does work, there is a name service problem with the client name service, and you need to go forward to Section 12.2.6.2 and see if you can look up both the client and server with nmblookup.
If you get The password is invalid for \server\username, your locally cached copy on the client doesn't match the one on the server. You will be prompted for a replacement.

TIP

Each Windows 95/98/Me client keeps a local password file, but it's really just a cached copy of the password it sends to Samba and NT/2000/XP servers to authenticate you. That's what is being prompted for here. You can still log on to a Windows system without a password (but not to NT/2000/XP).

If you provide your password and it still fails, your password is not being matched on the server, you have a valid users or invalid users list denying you permission, NetBEUI is interfering, or the encrypted password problem described in the next paragraph exists.
If your client is Windows NT 4.0, NT 3.5 with Patch 3, Windows 95 with Patch 3, Windows 98, any of these with Internet Explorer 4.0, or any subsequent version of Windows, the system will default to Microsoft encryption for passwords. In general, if you have installed a major Microsoft product on any of the older Windows versions, you might have applied an update and turned on encrypted passwords. If the client is defaulting to encrypted passwords, you will need to specify encrypt passwords = yes in your Samba configuration file if you are using a version of Samba prior to Samba 3.0.

TIP

Because of Internet Explorer's willingness to honor URLs such as file://somehost/somefile by making SMB connections, clients up to and including Windows 95 Patch Level 2 would happily send your password, in plain text, to SMB servers anywhere on the Internet. This was considered a bad idea, and Microsoft switched to using only encrypted passwords in the SMB protocol. All subsequent releases of Microsoft's products have included this correction.

If you have a mixed-case password on Unix, the client is probably sending it in all one case. If changing your password to all one case works, this was the problem. Regrettably, all but the oldest clients support uppercase passwords, so Samba will try once with the password in uppercase and once in lowercase. If you wish to use mixed-case passwords, see the password level option in Chapter 9 for a workaround.
You might have a valid users problem, as tested with smbclient (see the earlier section, Section 12.2.5.3).
You might have the NetBEUI protocol bound to the Microsoft client. This often produces long timeouts and erratic failures and is known to have caused failures to accept passwords in the past. Unless you absolutely need the NetBEUI protocol, remove it.

TIP

The term "bind" is used here to mean connecting one piece of software to another. When configured correctly, the Microsoft SMB client is "bound to" TCP/IP in the bindings section of the TCP/IP properties panel under the Windows 95/98/Me Network icon in the Control Panel. TCP/IP in turn is bound to an Ethernet card. This is not the same sense of the word as binding an SMB daemon to a TCP/IP port.

Testing connections with Windows Explorer

Start Windows Explorer (not Internet Explorer), select Map Network Drive from the Tools menu, and specify the UNC for one of your shares on the Samba server to see if you can make Explorer connect to it. If so, you've succeeded and can skip to the next section, Section 12.2.6.

Windows Explorer is a rather poor diagnostic tool: it tells you that something's wrong, but rarely what it is. If you get a failure, you'll need to track it down with the Windows net use command, which has far superior error reporting:

If you get The password for this connection that is in your password file is no longer correct, you might have any of the following:
- Your locally cached copy on the client doesn't match the one on the server.
- You didn't provide a username and password when logging on to the client. Some versions of Explorer will continue to send a null username and password, even if you provide a password.
- You have misspelled the password.
- You have an invalid users or valid users list denying permission.
- Your client is defaulting to encrypted passwords, but Samba is configured with the encrypt passwords = no configuration file parameter.
- You have a mixed-case password, which the client is supplying in all one case.
If you get The network name is either incorrect, or a network to which you do not have full access, or Cannot locate specified computer, you might have any of the following:
- Misspelled name
- Malfunctioning service
- Failed share
- Networking problem
- Bad path parameter in smb.conf
- hosts deny line that excludes you
If you get You must supply a password to make this connection, the password on the client is out of synchronization with the server, or this is the first time you've tried from this client system and the client hasn't cached it locally yet.
If you get Cannot locate specified share name, you have a wrong share name or a syntax error in specifying it, a share name longer than eight characters, or one containing spaces or in mixed case.

Once you can reliably connect to the share, try again, this time using your home directory. If you have to change something to get home directories working, retest with the first share, and vice versa, as we showed in the earlier section, "Testing connections with net use." As always, if Explorer fails, drop back to that section and debug the connection there.

Troubleshooting Browsing

Finally, we come to browsing. We've left this for last, not because it is the most difficult, but because it's both optional and partially dependent on a protocol that doesn't guarantee delivery of a packet. Browsing is hard to diagnose if you don't already know that all the other services are running.

Browsing is purely optional: it's just a way to find the servers on your network and the shares that they provide. Unix has nothing of the sort and happily does without. Browsing also assumes all your systems are on a local area network (LAN) where broadcasts are allowable.

First, the browsing mechanism identifies a system using the unreliable UDP protocol; it then makes a normal (reliable) TCP/IP connection to list the shares the system provides.

Testing browsing with smbclient

We'll start with testing the reliable connection first. From the server, try listing its own shares using smbclient with a -L option and your server's name. You should get something resembling the following:

$ smbclient -L server 
Added interface ip=192.168.236.86 bcast=192.168.236.255 nmask=255.255.255.0 Server 
time is Tue Apr 28 09:57:28 2002 Timezone is UTC-4.0 
Password: 
Domain=[EXAMPLE] OS=[Unix] Server=[Samba 2.2.5]

   Sharename      Type      Comment    
   ---------      ----      -------    
    cdrom          Disk      CD-ROM    
    cl             Printer   Color Printer 1    
    davecb         Disk      Home Directories

   Server         Comment    
   ---------      -------    
   SERVER         Samba 2.2.5

   Workgroup      Master    
   ---------      -------    
   EXAMPLE        SERVER

If you didn't get a Sharename list, the server is not allowing you to browse any shares. This should not be the case if you've tested any of the shares with Windows Explorer or the net use command. If you haven't done the smbclient -L localhost -U% test yet (see the earlier section, Section 12.2.5.2), do it now. An erroneous guest account can prevent the shares from being seen. Also, check the smb.conf file to make sure you do not have the option browsable = no anywhere in it: we suggest using a minimal smb.conf file (see the earlier section, Section 12.2.5.1). You need to have browsable enabled (which is the default) to see the share.
If you didn't get a browse list, the server is not providing information about the systems on the network. At least one system on the net must support browse lists. Make sure you have local master = yes in the smb.conf file if you want Samba to be the local master browser.
If you got a browse list but didn't get /tmp, you probably have a smb.conf problem. Go back to Section 12.2.4.5.
If you didn't get a workgroup list with your workgroup name in it, it is possible that your workgroup is set incorrectly in the smb.conf file.
If you didn't get a workgroup list at all, ensure that workgroup = EXAMPLE is present in the smb.conf file.
If you get nothing, try once more with the options -I ip_address -n netbios_name -W workgroup -d3 with the NetBIOS and workgroup name in uppercase. (The -d3 option sets the log /debugging level to 3.) Then check the Samba logs for clues.

If you're still getting nothing, you shouldn't have gotten this far; double back to at least Section 12.2.3.1, or perhaps Section 12.2.2.4. On the other hand:

If you get SMBtconX failed. ERRSRV--ERRaccess, you aren't permitted access to the server. This normally means you have a hosts allow option that doesn't include the server or a hosts deny option that does.
If you get Bad password, you presumably have one of the following:
- An incorrect hosts allow or hosts deny line
- An incorrect invalid users or valid users line
- A lowercase password and OS/2 or Windows for Workgroups clients
- A missing or invalid guest account
Check what your guest account is (see the earlier section, Section 12.2.5.2), change or comment out any hosts allow, hosts deny, valid users, or invalid users lines, and verify your smb.conf file with testparm smb.conf your_hostname your_ip_address (see the earlier section, Section 12.2.4.5).
If you get Connection refused, the smbd server is not running or has crashed. Check that it's up, running, and listening to the network with netstat. See the earlier section, Section 12.2.4.
If you get Get_Hostbyname: Unknown host name, you've made a spelling error, there is a mismatch between the Unix and NetBIOS hostname, or there is a name service problem. Start name service debugging as discussed in the earlier section, Section 12.2.5.4. If this works, suspect a name mismatch, and go to the later section, Section 12.2.9.
If you get Session request failed, the server refused the connection. This usually indicates an internal error, such as insufficient memory to fork a process.
If you get Your server software is being unfriendly, the initial session request packet received a garbage response from the server. The server might have crashed or started improperly. Go back to Section 12.2.5.2, where the problem is first analyzed.
If you suspect the server is not running, go back to Section 12.2.4.2 to see why the server daemon isn't responding.

Testing the server with nmblookup

This will test the "advertising" system used for Windows name services and browsing. Advertising works by broadcasting one's presence or willingness to provide services. It is the part of browsing that uses an unreliable protocol (UDP) and works only on broadcast networks such as Ethernets. The nmblookup program broadcasts name queries for the hostname you provide and returns its IP address and the name of the system, much as nslookup does with DNS. Here, the -d (debug or log-level) and -B (broadcast address) options direct queries to specific systems.

First, we check the server from itself. Run nmblookup with a -B option of your server's name (to tell it to send the query to the Samba server) and a parameter of _ _SAMBA_ _ as the symbolic name to look up. You should get:

$ nmblookup -B server _ _SAMBA_ _
Added interface ip=192.168.236.86 bcast=192.168.236.255 nmask=255.255.255.0 
Sending queries to 192.168.236.86 192.168.236.86 _ _SAMBA_ _

You should get the IP address of the server, followed by the name _ _SAMBA_ _ , which means that the server has successfully advertised that it has a service called _ _SAMBA_ _ , and therefore at least part of NetBIOS name service works.

If you get Name_query failed to find name _ _SAMBA_ _, you might have specified the server name to the -B option, or nmbd is not running. The -B option actually takes a broadcast address: we're using a computer name to get a unicast address and to ask the server if it has claimed _ _SAMBA_ _. Try again with nmblookup -B ip_address, and if that fails too, nmbd isn't claiming the name. Go back briefly to the earlier section, "Testing daemons with testparm," to see if nmbd is running. If so, it might not be claiming names; this means that Samba is not providing the browsing service—a configuration problem. If that is the case, make sure that smb.conf doesn't contain the option browsing = no.

Testing the client with nmblookup

Next, check the IP address of the client from the server with nmblookup using the -B option for the client's name and a parameter of '*' meaning "anything," as shown here:

$ nmblookup -B client '*' 
Sending queries to 192.168.236.10 192.168.236.10 *
Got a positive name query response from 192.168.236.10 (192.168.236.10)

You might get the following error:

If you receive Name-query failed to find name *, you have made a spelling mistake, or the client software on the PC isn't installed, started, or bound to TCP/IP. Double back to Chapter 3 and ensure that you have a client installed that is listening to the network.

Repeat the command with the following options if you had any failures:

If nmblookup -B client_IP_address succeeds but nmblookup -B client_name fails, there is a name service problem with the client's name; go to Section 12.2.7, later in this chapter.
If nmblookup -B 127.0.0.1 '*' succeeds, but nmblookup -B client_IP_address fails, there is a hardware problem, and ping should have failed. See your network manager.

Testing the network with nmblookup

Run the command nmblookup again with a -d2 option (for a debug level of 2) and a parameter of '*'. This time we are testing the ability of programs (such as nmbd ) to use broadcast. It's essentially a connectivity test, done via a broadcast to the default broadcast address.

A number of NetBIOS over TCP/IP hosts on the network should respond with got a positive name query response messages. Samba might not catch all the responses in the short time it listens, so you won't always see all the SMB clients on the network. However, you should see most of them:

$ nmblookup -d 2 '*' 
Added interface ip=192.168.236.86 bcast=192.168.236.255 nmask=255.255.255.0 Sending 
queries to 192.168.236.255 
Got a positive name query response from 192.168.236.191 (192.168.236.191) 
Got a positive name query response from 192.168.236.228 (192.168.236.228) 
Got a positive name query response from 192.168.236.75 (192.168.236.75) 
Got a positive name query response from 192.168.236.79 (192.168.236.79) 
Got a positive name query response from 192.168.236.206 (192.168.236.206) 
Got a positive name query response from 192.168.236.207 (192.168.236.207) 
Got a positive name query response from 192.168.236.217 (192.168.236.217) 
Got a positive name query response from 192.168.236.72 (192.168.236.72) 192.168.236.86 *

However:

If this doesn't give at least the client address you previously tested, the default broadcast address is wrong. Try nmblookup -B 255.255.255.255 -d 2 '*', which is a last-ditch variant (using a broadcast address of all 1s). If this draws responses, the broadcast address you've been using before is wrong. Troubleshooting these is discussed in Section 12.2.8.2, later in this chapter.
If the address 255.255.255.255 fails too, check your notes to see if your PC and server are on different subnets, as discovered in the earlier section, Section 12.2.2.4. You should try to diagnose this step with a server and client on the same subnet, but if you can't, you can try specifying the remote subnet's broadcast address with -B. Finding that address is discussed in Section 12.2.8.2, later in this chapter. The -B option will work if your router supports directed broadcasts; if it doesn't, you might be forced to test with a client on the same network.

As usual, you can check the Samba log files for additional clues.

Testing client browsing with net view

On the client, run the command net view \\server in an MS-DOS (command prompt) window to see if you can connect to the client and ask what shares it provides. You should get back a list of available shares on the server.

If this works, continue with the later section Section 12.3.1. Otherwise:

If you get Network name not found for the name you just tested in the earlier section, Section 12.2.6.3, there is a problem with the client software itself. Double-check this by running nmblookup on the client; if it works and net view doesn't, the client is at fault.
If nmblookup fails, there is a NetBIOS name service problem, as discussed in the later section, Section 12.2.9.
If you get You do not have the necessary access rights, or This server is not configured to list shared resources, either your guest account is misconfigured (see the earlier section, Section 12.2.5.2) or you have a hosts allow or hosts deny line that prohibits connections from your system. These problems should have been detected by the smbclient tests starting in the earlier section, Section 12.2.6.1.
If you get The specified computer is not receiving requests, you have misspelled the name, the system is unreachable by broadcast (tested in the earlier section, Section 12.2.6.4), or it's not running nmbd.
If you get Bad password error, you're probably encountering the Microsoft-encrypted password problem, as discussed earlier in this chapter and in Chapter 9, with its corrections.

Browsing the server from the client

From the Windows Network Neighborhood (or My Network Places in newer releases), try to browse the server. Your Samba server should appear in the browse list of your local workgroup. You should be able to double-click the name of the server to get a list of shares.

If you get an Invalid password error, it's most likely the encryption problem again.
If you receive an Unable to browse the network error, one of the following has occurred:
- You have looked too soon, before the broadcasts and updates have completed. Wait 30 seconds and try again.
- There is a network problem you've not yet diagnosed.
- There is no browse master. Add the configuration option local master = yes to your smb.conf file.
- No shares are made browsable in the smb.conf file.
If you receive the message \\server is not accessible then:
- You have the encrypted password problem.
- The system really isn't accessible.
- The system doesn't support browsing.

If you've made it this far and the problem is not yet solved, either the problem is one we've not yet seen, or it is a problem related to a topic we have already covered, and further analysis is required. Name resolution is often related to difficulties with Samba, so we cover it in more detail in the next sections. If you know your problem is not related to name resolution, skip to the Section 12.3 at the end of the chapter.

Troubleshooting Name Services

This section looks at simple troubleshooting of all the name services you'll encounter, but only for the common problems that affect Samba.

There are several good references for troubleshooting particular name services: Paul Albitz and Cricket Liu's DNS and Bind (O'Reilly) covers the DNS, Hal Stern's NFS and NIS (O'Reilly) covers NIS ("Yellow pages"), while Windows Internet Name Service (WINS), hosts/LMHOSTS files, and NIS+ are best covered by their respective vendors' manuals.

The problems addressed in this section are as follows:

Name services are identified.
A hostname can't be looked up.
The long (FQDN) form of a hostname works but the short form doesn't.
The short form of the name works, but the long form doesn't.
A long delay occurs before the expected result.

Identifying what's in use

First, see if both the server and the client are using DNS, WINS, NIS, or hosts files to look up IP addresses when you give them a name. Each kind of system has a different preference:

Windows 95/98/Me tries WINS and the LMHOSTS file first, then broadcast, and finally DNS and HOSTS files.
Windows NT/2000/XP tries WINS, then broadcast, then the LMHOSTS file, and finally HOSTS and DNS.
Windows programs using the WINSOCK standard use the HOSTS file, DNS, WINS, and then broadcast. Don't assume that if a different program's name service works, the SMB client program's name service will!
Samba daemons use lmhosts, WINS, the Unix system's name resolution, and then broadcast.
Unix systems can be configured to use any combination of DNS, HOSTS files, NIS or NIS+, and winbind, generally in any order.

We recommend that the client systems be configured to use WINS and DNS, the Samba daemons to use WINS and DNS, and the Unix server to use DNS, hosts files, and perhaps NIS+. You'll have to look at your notes and the actual systems to see which is in use.

On the clients, the name services are all set in the TCP/IP Properties panel of the Networking Control Panel, as discussed in Chapter 3. You might need to check there to see what you've actually turned on. On the server, see if a /etc/resolv.conf file exists. If it does, you're using DNS. You might be using the others as well, though. You'll need to check for NIS and combinations of services.

Check for a /etc/nsswitch.conf file on Solaris and other System V Unix operating systems. If you have one, look for a line that begins with host: followed by one or more of files, bind, nis, or nis+. These are the name services to use, in order, with optional extra material in square brackets. The files keyword is for using HOSTS files, while bind (the Berkeley Internet Name Daemon) refers to using DNS.

If the client and server differ, the first thing to do is to get them in sync. Clients can use DNS, WINS, HOSTS, and LMHOSTS files, but not NIS or NIS+. Servers can use HOSTS and LMHOSTS files, DNS, NIS or NIS+, and winbind, but not WINS—even if your Samba server provides WINS services. If you can't get all the systems to use the same services, you'll have to check the server and the client carefully for the same data.

You can also make use of the -R (resolve order) option for smbclient. If you want to troubleshoot WINS, for example, you'd say:

$ smbclient -L server -R wins

The possible settings are hosts (which means whatever the Unix system is using, not just /etc/hosts files), lmhosts, wins, and bcast (broadcast).

In the following sections, we use the term long name for a fully qualified domain name (FQDN), such as server.example.com , and the term short name for the host part of an FQDN, such as server.

Cannot look up hostnames

Try the following:

DNS

Run nslookup name. If this fails, look for a resolv.conf error, a downed DNS server, or a short/long name problem (see the next section). Try the following:

Your /etc/resolv.conf file should contain one or more nameserver lines, each with an IP address. These are the addresses of your DNS servers.
Ping each server address you find. If this fails for one, suspect the system. If it fails for each, suspect your network.
Retry the lookup using the full domain name (e.g., server.example.com) if you tried the short name first, or the short name if you tried the long name first. If results differ, skip to the next section.

Broadcast/ WINS

Broadcast/ WINS does only short names such as server, and not long ones, such as server.example.com. Run nmblookup -S server. This reports everything broadcast has registered for the name. In our example, it looks like this:

$ nmblookup -S server
Looking up status of 192.168.236.86
received 10 names
        SERVER           <00> -         M <ACTIVE> 
        SERVER           <03> -         M <ACTIVE> 
        SERVER           <1f> -         M <ACTIVE> 
        SERVER           <20> -         M <ACTIVE> 
        ..__MSBROWSE__.  <01> - <GROUP> M <ACTIVE> 
        MYGROUP          <00> - <GROUP> M <ACTIVE> 
        MYGROUP          <1b> -         M <ACTIVE> 
        MYGROUP          <1c> - <GROUP> M <ACTIVE> 
        MYGROUP          <1d> -         M <ACTIVE> 
        MYGROUP          <1e> - <GROUP> M <ACTIVE>

The required entry is SERVER <00>, which identifies server as being this system's NetBIOS name. You should also see your workgroup mentioned one or more times. If these lines are missing, Broadcast/WINS cannot look up names and will need attention.

TIP

The numbers in angle brackets in the previous output identify NetBIOS names as being workgroups, workstations, and file users of the messenger service, master browsers, domain master browsers, domain controllers, and a plethora of others. We primarily use <00> to identify system and workgroup names and <20> to identify systems as servers. The complete list is available at http://support.microsoft.com/support/kb/articles/q163/4/09.asp.

NIS

Try ypmatch name hosts. If this fails, NIS is down. Find out the NIS server's name by running ypwhich, and ping the system to see if it's accessible.

NIS+

If you're running NIS+, try nismatch name hosts. If this fails, NIS is down. Find out the NIS+ server's name by running niswhich, and ping that system to see if it's accessible.

hosts and HOSTS files

Inspect the HOSTS file on the client (C:\Windows\ Hosts on Windows 95/98/Me, and C:\WINNT \system32\drivers\etc\hosts on Windows NT/2000/XP). Each line should have an IP number and one or more names, the primary name first, then any optional aliases. An example follows:

127.0.0.1         localhost
192.168.236.1     dns.svc.example.com 
192.168.236.10    client.example.com client 
192.168.236.11    backup.example.com loghost 
192.168.236.86    server.example.com server 
192.168.236.254   router.svc.example.com

On Unix, localhost should always be 127.0.0.1, although it might be just an alias for a hostname on the PC. On the client, check that there are no #XXX directives at the ends of the lines; these are LAN Manager/NetBIOS directives and should appear only in LMHOSTS files.

LMHOSTS files

This file is a local source for LAN Manager (NetBIOS) names. It has a format similar to hosts files, but it does not support long-form domain names (e.g., server.example.com) and can have a number of optional #XXX directives following the NetBIOS names. There is usually an lmhosts.sam (for sample) file located in C:\Windows on Windows 95/98/Me, and in C:\WINNT\system32\drivers\etc on Windows NT/2000/XP, but it's not used unless it is renamed to Lmhosts in the same directory.

Long and short hostnames

Where the long (FQDN) form of a hostname works but the short name doesn't (for example, client.example.com works but client doesn't), consider the following:

DNS: This usually indicates that there is no default domain in which to look up the short names. Look for a default line in /etc/resolv.conf on the Samba server with your domain in it, or look for a search line with one or more domains in it. One or the other might need to be present to make short names usable; which one depends on the vendor and version of the DNS resolver. Try adding domain your_domain to resolv.conf, and ask your network or DNS administrator what should be in the file.
Broadcast/WINS: Broadcast/WINS doesn't support long names; it won't suffer from this problem.
NIS: Try the command ypmatch hostname hosts. If you don't get a match, your tables don't include short names. Speak to your network manager; short names might be missing by accident or might be unsupported as a matter of policy. Some sites don't ever use (ambiguous) short names.
NIS+: Try nismatch hostname hosts, and treat failure exactly as with NIS.
hosts: If the short name is not in /etc/hosts, consider adding it as an alias. Avoid, if you can, short names as primary names (the first one on a line). Have them as aliases if your system permits.
LMHOSTS: LAN Manager doesn't support long names, so it won't suffer from this problem.

On the other hand, if the short form of the name works and the long form doesn't, consider the following:

DNS: This is bizarre; see your network or DNS administrator, as this is probably a DNS setup error.
Broadcast/WINS: This is normal; Broadcast/WINS can't use the long form. Optionally, consider DNS. (Be aware that Microsoft has stated that it will eventually switch entirely to DNS, even though DNS does not provide name types such as <00>.)
NIS: If you can use ypmatch to look up the short form but not the long, consider adding the long form to the table as at least an alias.
NIS+: Same as NIS, except you use nismatch instead of ypmatch to look up names.
hosts and HOSTS: Add the long name as at least an alias, and preferably as the primary form. Also consider using DNS if it's practical.
LMHOSTS: This is normal. LAN Manager can't use the long form; consider switching to DNS or hosts.

Unusual delays

When there is a long delay before the expected result:

DNS: Test the same name with the nslookup command on the system that is slow (client or server). If nslookup is also slow, you have a DNS problem. If it's slower on a client, you might have too many protocols bound to the Ethernet card. Eliminate NetBEUI, which is infamously slow, and, optionally, Novell—assuming you don't need them. This is especially important on Windows 95, which is particularly sensitive to excess protocols.
Broadcast/ WINS: Test the client using nmblookup; if it's faster, you probably have the protocols problem as mentioned in the previous item.
NIS: Try ypmatch; if it's slow, report the problem to your network manager.
NIS+: Try nismatch, similarly.
hosts and HOSTS: The hosts files, if of reasonable size, are always fast. You probably have the protocols problem mentioned previously under DNS.
lmhosts and LMHOSTS: This is not a name lookup problem; LMHOSTS files are as fast as hosts and HOSTS files.

The netmask is a number like an IP address, with one-bits for the network part of an address and zero-bits for the host portion. It is used as a bitmask to mask off parts of the address inside the TCP/IP code. If the mask is 255.255.0.0, the first 2 bytes are the network part and the last 2 are the host part. More common is 255.255.255.0, in which the first 3 bytes are the network part and the last one is the host part.

For example, let's say your IP address is 192.168.0.10 and the Samba server is 192.168.236.86. If your netmask happens to be 255.255.255.0, the network part of the address is the first 3 bytes, and the host part is the last byte. In this case, the network parts are different, and the systems are on different networks:

Network part	Host part
192 168 000	10
192 168 235	86

If your netmask happens to be 255.255.0.0, the network part is just the first 2 bytes. In this case, the network parts match, and so the two systems are on the same network:

Network part	Host part
192 168	000 10
192 168	236 86

Make sure the netmask in use on each system matches the structure of your network. On every subnet, the netmask should be identical on each system.

Broadcast addresses

The broadcast address is a normal address, with the hosts part all one-bits. It means "all hosts on your network." You can compute it easily from your netmask and address: take the address and put one-bits in it for all the bits that are zero at the end of the netmask (the host part). The following table illustrates this:

	Network part	Host part
IP address	192 168 236	86
Netmask	255 255 255	000
Broadcast	192 168 236	255

In this example, the broadcast address on the 192.168.236 network is 192.168.236.255. There is also an old "universal" broadcast address, 255.255.255.255. Routers are prohibited from forwarding these, but most systems on your local network will respond to broadcasts to this address.

Network address ranges

A number of address ranges have been reserved for testing and for nonconnected networks; we use these for the examples in this book. If you don't have an address yet, feel free to use one of these to start. They include one class A network, 10.*.*.*, a range of class B network addresses, 172.16.*.* through 172.31.*.*, and 254 class C networks, 192.168.1.* through 192.168.254.*. The domain example.com is also reserved for unconnected networks, explanatory examples, and books.

If you're actually connecting to the Internet, you'll need to get an appropriate IP address and a domain name, probably through the same company that provides your connection.

Finding your network address

If you haven't recorded your IP address, you can learn it through the ifconfig command on Unix or the ipconfig command on Windows. (Check your manual pages for any options required by your brand of Unix. For example, ifconfig -a works on Solaris.) You should see output similar to the following:

$ ifconfig -a 
le0: flags=63<UP,BROADCAST,NOTRAILERS,RUNNING > 
      inet 192.168.236.11 netmask ffffff00 broadcast 192.168.236.255 
lo0: flags=49<&lt>UP,LOOPBACK,RUNNING<&gt>         
      inet 127.0.0.1 netmask ff000000

One of the interfaces will be loopback (in our examples, lo0), and the other will be the regular IP interface. The flags should show that the interface is running, and Ethernet interfaces will also say they support broadcasts (PPP interfaces don't). The other places to look for IP addresses are /etc/hosts files, Windows HOSTS files, Windows LMHOSTS files, NIS, NIS+, and DNS.

Troubleshooting NetBIOS Names

Historically, SMB protocols have depended on the NetBIOS name system, also called the LAN Manager name system. This was a simple scheme where each system had a unique 20-character name and broadcast it on the LAN for everyone to know. With TCP/IP, we tend to use names such as client.example.com, stored in /etc/hosts files through DNS or WINS.

The usual mapping of domain names such as server.example.com to NetBIOS names simply uses the server part as the NetBIOS name and converts it to uppercase. Alas, this doesn't always work, especially if you have a system with a 21-character name; not everyone uses the same NetBIOS and DNS names. For example, corpvm1 along with vm1.corp.com is not unusual.

A system with a different NetBIOS name and domain name is confusing when you're troubleshooting; we recommend that you try to avoid this wherever possible. NetBIOS names are discoverable with smbclient :

If you can list shares on your Samba server with smbclient -L short_name, the short name is the NetBIOS name.

If you get Get_Hostbyname: Unknown host name, there is probably a mismatch. Check in the smb.conf file to see if the NetBIOS name is explicitly set.

Try to list shares again, specifying -I and the IP address of the Samba server (e.g., smbclient -L server -I 192.168.236.86). This overrides the name lookup and forces the packets to go to the IP address. If this works, there was a mismatch.

Try with -I and the full domain name of the server (e.g., smbclient -L server -I server.example.com). This tests the lookup of the domain name, using whatever scheme the Samba server uses (e.g., DNS). If it fails, you have a name service problem. You should reread the earlier section, Section 12.2.7, after you finish troubleshooting the NetBIOS names.
Try with the -n (NetBIOS name) option, giving it the name you expect to work (e.g., smbclient -n server -L server-12), but without overriding the IP address through -I. If this works, the name you specified with -n is the actual NetBIOS name of the server. If you receive Get-Hostbyname: Unknown host SERVER, it's not the right server yet.
If nothing is working so far, repeat the tests specifying -U username and -W workgroup, with the username and workgroup in uppercase, to make sure you're not being derailed by a user or workgroup mismatch.
If still nothing works and you had evidence of a name service problem, troubleshoot the name service (see the earlier section, Section 12.2.7) and then return to the NetBIOS name service.

:: Command execute ::
Enter:	Select:

Chapter 12. Troubleshooting Samba

The Tool Box

Samba Logs

Log levels

Activating and deactivating logging

Logging by individual client systems or users

Samba Test Utilities

Unix Utilities

Using trace

Using tcpdump

Using Ethereal